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Enabling hypervisor agnosticism for VirtIO backends

virtio-dev Alex Bennée 11 participants 53 messages Aug 4, 2021 – Oct 4, 2021 3 messages not in the archive Page 2 of 2

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In reply to Wei Chen

Wei,

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Hi Akashi,

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-----Original Message-----
From: AKASHI Takahiro <[email protected]>
Sent: 2021年8月26日 17:41
To: Wei Chen <[email protected]>
Cc: Oleksandr Tyshchenko <[email protected]>; Stefano Stabellini <[email protected]>; Alex Benn??e <[email protected]>; Kaly Xin <[email protected]>; Stratos Mailing List <[email protected]>; [email protected]; Arnd Bergmann <[email protected]>; Viresh Kumar <[email protected]>; Stefano Stabellini <[email protected]>; [email protected]; Jan Kiszka <[email protected]>; Carl van Schaik <[email protected]>; [email protected]; Srivatsa Vaddagiri <[email protected]>; Jean- Philippe Brucker <[email protected]>; Mathieu Poirier <[email protected]>; Oleksandr Tyshchenko <[email protected]>; Bertrand Marquis <[email protected]>; Artem Mygaiev <[email protected]>; Julien Grall <[email protected]>; Juergen Gross <[email protected]>; Paul Durrant <[email protected]>; Xen Devel <[email protected]>
Subject: Re: Enabling hypervisor agnosticism for VirtIO backends

Hi Wei,

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Hi Akashi,

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-----Original Message-----
From: AKASHI Takahiro <[email protected]>
Sent: 2021年8月18日 13:39
To: Wei Chen <[email protected]>
Cc: Oleksandr Tyshchenko <[email protected]>; Stefano Stabellini <[email protected]>; Alex Benn??e <[email protected]>;

Stratos

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Mailing List <[email protected]>; virtio-

[email protected]

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open.org; Arnd Bergmann <[email protected]>; Viresh Kumar <[email protected]>; Stefano Stabellini <[email protected]>; [email protected]; Jan Kiszka <[email protected]>; Carl van Schaik

<[email protected]>;

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[email protected]; Srivatsa Vaddagiri <[email protected]>;

Jean-

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Philippe Brucker <[email protected]>; Mathieu Poirier <[email protected]>; Oleksandr Tyshchenko <[email protected]>; Bertrand Marquis <[email protected]>; Artem Mygaiev <[email protected]>;

Julien

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Grall <[email protected]>; Juergen Gross <[email protected]>; Paul

Durrant

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<[email protected]>; Xen Devel <[email protected]>
Subject: Re: Enabling hypervisor agnosticism for VirtIO backends

Quoted 7 lines · Wei Chen

Hi Akashi,

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-----Original Message-----
From: AKASHI Takahiro <[email protected]>
Sent: 2021年8月17日 16:08
To: Wei Chen <[email protected]>
Cc: Oleksandr Tyshchenko <[email protected]>; Stefano

Stabellini

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<[email protected]>; Alex Benn??e <[email protected]>;

Stratos

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Mailing List <[email protected]>; virtio-

[email protected]

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open.org; Arnd Bergmann <[email protected]>; Viresh Kumar <[email protected]>; Stefano Stabellini <[email protected]>; [email protected]; Jan Kiszka <[email protected]>; Carl van Schaik

<[email protected]>;

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[email protected]; Srivatsa Vaddagiri <[email protected]>;

Jean-

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Philippe Brucker <[email protected]>; Mathieu Poirier <[email protected]>; Oleksandr Tyshchenko <[email protected]>; Bertrand Marquis <[email protected]>; Artem Mygaiev

<[email protected]>;

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Julien

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Grall <[email protected]>; Juergen Gross <[email protected]>; Paul

Durrant

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<[email protected]>; Xen Devel <[email protected]>
Subject: Re: Enabling hypervisor agnosticism for VirtIO backends

Hi Wei, Oleksandr,

Quoted 7 lines · Wei Chen

Hi All,

Thanks for Stefano to link my kvmtool for Xen proposal here. This proposal is still discussing in Xen and KVM communities. The main work is to decouple the kvmtool from KVM and make other hypervisors can reuse the virtual device implementations.

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In this case, we need to introduce an intermediate hypervisor layer for VMM abstraction, Which is, I think it's very close to stratos' virtio hypervisor agnosticism work.

# My proposal[1] comes from my own idea and doesn't always

represent

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# Linaro's view on this subject nor reflect Alex's concerns.

Nevertheless,

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Your idea and my proposal seem to share the same background. Both have the similar goal and currently start with, at first,

Xen

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and are based on kvm-tool. (Actually, my work is derived from EPAM's virtio-disk, which is also based on kvm-tool.)

In particular, the abstraction of hypervisor interfaces has a

same

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set of interfaces (for your "struct vmm_impl" and my "RPC

interfaces").

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This is not co-incident as we both share the same origin as I

said

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above.

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And so we will also share the same issues. One of them is a way

of

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"sharing/mapping FE's memory". There is some trade-off between the portability and the performance impact.
So we can discuss the topic here in this ML, too. (See Alex's original email, too).

Yes, I agree.

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On the other hand, my approach aims to create a "single-binary"

solution

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in which the same binary of BE vm could run on any hypervisors. Somehow similar to your "proposal-#2" in [2], but in my solution,

all

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the hypervisor-specific code would be put into another entity

(VM),

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named "virtio-proxy" and the abstracted operations are served

via RPC.

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(In this sense, BE is hypervisor-agnostic but might have OS

dependency.)

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But I know that we need discuss if this is a requirement even in Stratos project or not. (Maybe not)

Sorry, I haven't had time to finish reading your virtio-proxy

completely

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(I will do it ASAP). But from your description, it seems we need a 3rd VM between FE and BE? My concern is that, if my assumption is

right,

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will it increase the latency in data transport path? Even if we're using some lightweight guest like RTOS or Unikernel,

Yes, you're right. But I'm afraid that it is a matter of degree. As far as we execute 'mapping' operations at every fetch of payload, we will see latency issue (even in your case) and if we have some

solution

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for it, we won't see it neither in my proposal :)

Oleksandr has sent a proposal to Xen mailing list to reduce this kind of "mapping/unmapping" operations. So the latency caused by this

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on Xen may eventually be eliminated, and Linux-KVM doesn't have that

problem.

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Obviously, I have not yet caught up there in the discussion. Which patch specifically?

Can you give me the link to the discussion or patch, please?

It's a RFC discussion. We have tested this RFC patch internally.
https://lists.xenproject.org/archives/html/xen-devel/2021-07/msg01532.html

I'm afraid that I miss something here, but I don't know why this proposed API will lead to eliminating 'mmap' in accessing the queued payload at every request?

-Takahiro Akashi

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Thanks,
-Takahiro Akashi

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-Takahiro Akashi

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Specifically speaking about kvm-tool, I have a concern about its license term; Targeting different hypervisors and different OSs (which I assume includes RTOS's), the resultant library should

be

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license permissive and GPL for kvm-tool might be an issue. Any thoughts?

Yes. If user want to implement a FreeBSD device model, but the

virtio

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library is GPL. Then GPL would be a problem. If we have another

good

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candidate, I am open to it.

I have some candidates, particularly for vq/vring, in my mind:
* Open-AMP, or
* corresponding Free-BSD code

Interesting, I will look into them : )

Cheers,
Wei Chen

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-Takahiro Akashi

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-Takahiro Akashi

[1] https://op-lists.linaro.org/pipermail/stratos-dev/2021-
August/000548.html
[2] https://marc.info/?l=xen-devel&m=162373754705233&w=2

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From: Oleksandr Tyshchenko <[email protected]>
Sent: 2021年8月14日 23:38
To: AKASHI Takahiro <[email protected]>; Stefano

Stabellini

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<[email protected]>

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Cc Alex Benn??e <[email protected]>; Stratos Mailing

List

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<[email protected]>; [email protected]

open.org;

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Arnd

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Bergmann <[email protected]>; Viresh Kumar <[email protected]>; Stefano Stabellini <[email protected]>; [email protected]; Jan Kiszka <[email protected]>; Carl van Schaik

<[email protected]>;

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[email protected]; Srivatsa Vaddagiri <[email protected]>;

Jean-

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Philippe Brucker <[email protected]>; Mathieu Poirier <[email protected]>; Wei Chen <[email protected]>;

Oleksandr

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Tyshchenko <[email protected]>; Bertrand Marquis <[email protected]>; Artem Mygaiev

<[email protected]>;

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Julien

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Grall <[email protected]>; Juergen Gross <[email protected]>; Paul

Durrant

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<[email protected]>; Xen Devel <[email protected]>

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Subject: Re: Enabling hypervisor agnosticism for VirtIO

backends

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Hello, all.

Please see some comments below. And sorry for the possible

format

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issues.

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On Wed, Aug 11, 2021 at 9:27 AM AKASHI Takahiro

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On Wed, Aug 04, 2021 at 12:20:01PM -0700, Stefano

Stabellini

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CCing people working on Xen+VirtIO and IOREQs. Not

trimming

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the

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original

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email to let them read the full context.

My comments below are related to a potential Xen

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implementation,

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not

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because it is the only implementation that matters, but

because it

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is

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the one I know best.

Please note that my proposal (and hence the working

prototype)[1]

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is based on Xen's virtio implementation (i.e. IOREQ) and

particularly

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EPAM's virtio-disk application (backend server). It has been, I believe, well generalized but is still a

bit

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biased

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toward this original design.

So I hope you like my approach :)

[1] https://op-lists.linaro.org/pipermail/stratos-

dev/2021-

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August/000546.html

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Let me take this opportunity to explain a bit more about

my

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approach

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below.

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Also, please see this relevant email thread:
https://marc.info/?l=xen-devel&m=162373754705233&w=2

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Hi,

One of the goals of Project Stratos is to enable

hypervisor

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agnostic

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backends so we can enable as much re-use of code as

possible

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and

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avoid

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repeating ourselves. This is the flip side of the

front end

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where

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multiple front-end implementations are required - one

per OS,

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assuming

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you don't just want Linux guests. The resultant guests

are

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trivially

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movable between hypervisors modulo any abstracted

paravirt

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type

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interfaces.

In my original thumb nail sketch of a solution I

envisioned

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vhost-user

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daemons running in a broadly POSIX like environment.

The

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interface to

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the daemon is fairly simple requiring only some mapped

memory

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and some

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sort of signalling for events (on Linux this is

eventfd).

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The

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idea was a

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stub binary would be responsible for any hypervisor

specific

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setup and

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then launch a common binary to deal with the actual

virtqueue

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requests

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themselves.

Since that original sketch we've seen an expansion in

the

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sort

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of ways

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backends could be created. There is interest in

encapsulating

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backends

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in RTOSes or unikernels for solutions like SCMI. There

interest

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in Rust

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has prompted ideas of using the trait interface to

abstract

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differences

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away as well as the idea of bare-metal Rust backends.

We have a card (STR-12) called "Hypercall

Standardisation"

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which

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calls for a description of the APIs needed from the

hypervisor

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side to

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support VirtIO guests and their backends. However we

are

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some

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way off

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from that at the moment as I think we need to at least

demonstrate one

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portable backend before we start codifying

requirements. To

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that

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end I

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want to think about what we need for a backend to

function.

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Configuration
=============

In the type-2 setup this is typically fairly simple

because

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the

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host

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system can orchestrate the various modules that make

up the

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complete

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system. In the type-1 case (or even type-2 with

delegated

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service VMs)

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we need some sort of mechanism to inform the backend

VM

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about

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key

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details about the system:

- where virt queue memory is in it's address space
- how it's going to receive (interrupt) and trigger

(kick)

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events

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- what (if any) resources the backend needs to

connect to

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Obviously you can elide over configuration issues by

having

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static

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configurations and baking the assumptions into your

guest

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images

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however

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this isn't scalable in the long term. The obvious

solution

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seems

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to be

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extending a subset of Device Tree data to user space

but

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perhaps

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there

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are other approaches?

Before any virtio transactions can take place the

appropriate

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memory

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mappings need to be made between the FE guest and the

BE

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guest.

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Currently the whole of the FE guests address space

needs to

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be

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visible

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to whatever is serving the virtio requests. I can

envision 3

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approaches:

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* BE guest boots with memory already mapped

This would entail the guest OS knowing where in it's

Guest

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Physical

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Address space is already taken up and avoiding

clashing. I

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would assume

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in this case you would want a standard interface to

userspace

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to then

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make that address space visible to the backend daemon.

Yet another way here is that we would have well known

"shared

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memory" between

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VMs. I think that Jailhouse's ivshmem gives us good

insights on

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this

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matter

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and that it can even be an alternative for hypervisor-

agnostic

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solution.

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(Please note memory regions in ivshmem appear as a PCI

device

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and

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can be

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mapped locally.)

I want to add this shared memory aspect to my virtio-proxy,

but

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the resultant solution would eventually look similar to

ivshmem.

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* BE guests boots with a hypervisor handle to memory

The BE guest is then free to map the FE's memory to

where

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it

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wants in

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the BE's guest physical address space.

I cannot see how this could work for Xen. There is no

"handle"

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to

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give

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to the backend if the backend is not running in dom0. So

for

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Xen I

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think

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the memory has to be already mapped

In Xen's IOREQ solution (virtio-blk), the following

information

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is

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expected

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to be exposed to BE via Xenstore:
(I know that this is a tentative approach though.)
- the start address of configuration space
- interrupt number
- file path for backing storage
- read-only flag
And the BE server have to call a particular hypervisor

interface

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to

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map the configuration space.

Yes, Xenstore was chosen as a simple way to pass

configuration

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info to

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the backend running in a non-toolstack domain.

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I remember, there was a wish to avoid using Xenstore in

Virtio

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backend

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itself if possible, so for non-toolstack domain, this could done

with

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adjusting devd (daemon that listens for devices and launches

backends)

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to read backend configuration from the Xenstore anyway and

pass it

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to

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the backend via command line arguments.

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Yes, in current PoC code we're using xenstore to pass device

configuration.

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We also designed a static device configuration parse method

for

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Dom0less

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or

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other scenarios don't have xentool. yes, it's from device

model

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command

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line

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or a config file.

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But, if ...

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In my approach (virtio-proxy), all those Xen (or

hypervisor)-

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specific

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stuffs are contained in virtio-proxy, yet another VM, to

hide

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all

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details.

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... the solution how to overcome that is already found and

proven

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to

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work then even better.

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# My point is that a "handle" is not mandatory for

executing

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mapping.

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and the mapping probably done by the
toolstack (also see below.) Or we would have to invent a

new

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Xen

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hypervisor interface and Xen virtual machine privileges

to

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allow

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this

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kind of mapping.

If we run the backend in Dom0 that we have no problems

of

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course.

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One of difficulties on Xen that I found in my approach is

that

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calling

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such hypervisor intefaces (registering IOREQ, mapping

memory) is

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only

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allowed on BE servers themselvies and so we will have to

extend

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those

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interfaces.
This, however, will raise some concern on security and

privilege

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distribution

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as Stefan suggested.

We also faced policy related issues with Virtio backend

running in

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other than Dom0 domain in a "dummy" xsm mode. In our target

system we

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run

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the backend in a driver

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domain (we call it DomD) where the underlying H/W resides.

We

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trust it,

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so we wrote policy rules (to be used in "flask" xsm mode) to

provide

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it

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with a little bit more privileges than a simple DomU had.

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Now it is permitted to issue device-model, resource and

memory

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mappings, etc calls.

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To activate the mapping will
require some sort of hypercall to the hypervisor. I

can see

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two

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options

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at this point:

- expose the handle to userspace for daemon/helper

to

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trigger

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the

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mapping via existing hypercall interfaces. If

using a

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helper

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you

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would have a hypervisor specific one to avoid the

daemon

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having to

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care too much about the details or push that

complexity

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into

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a

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compile time option for the daemon which would

result in

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different

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binaries although a common source base.

- expose a new kernel ABI to abstract the hypercall

differences away

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in the guest kernel. In this case the userspace

would

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essentially

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ask for an abstract "map guest N memory to

userspace

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ptr"

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and let

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the kernel deal with the different hypercall

interfaces.

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This of

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course assumes the majority of BE guests would be

Linux

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kernels and

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leaves the bare-metal/unikernel approaches to

their own

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devices.

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Operation
=========

The core of the operation of VirtIO is fairly simple.

Once

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the

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vhost-user feature negotiation is done it's a case of

receiving

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update

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events and parsing the resultant virt queue for data.

The

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vhost-

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user

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specification handles a bunch of setup before that

point,

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mostly

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to

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detail where the virt queues are set up FD's for

memory and

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event

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communication. This is where the envisioned stub

process

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would

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be

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responsible for getting the daemon up and ready to run.

This

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is

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currently done inside a big VMM like QEMU but I

suspect a

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modern

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approach would be to use the rust-vmm vhost crate. It

would

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then

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either

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communicate with the kernel's abstracted ABI or be re-

targeted

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as a

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build option for the various hypervisors.

One thing I mentioned before to Alex is that Xen doesn't

have

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VMMs

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the

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way they are typically envisioned and described in other

environments.

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Instead, Xen has IOREQ servers. Each of them connects

independently to

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Xen via the IOREQ interface. E.g. today multiple QEMUs

could

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be

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used as

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emulators for a single Xen VM, each of them connecting

to Xen

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independently via the IOREQ interface.

The component responsible for starting a daemon and/or

setting

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up

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shared

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interfaces is the toolstack: the xl command and the

libxl/libxc

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libraries.

I think that VM configuration management (or orchestration

in

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Startos

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jargon?) is a subject to debate in parallel. Otherwise, is there any good assumption to avoid it right

now?

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Oleksandr and others I CCed have been working on ways

for the

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toolstack

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to create virtio backends and setup memory mappings.

They

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might be

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able

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to provide more info on the subject. I do think we miss

a way

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to

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provide

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the configuration to the backend and anything else that

the

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backend

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might require to start doing its job.

Yes, some work has been done for the toolstack to handle

Virtio

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MMIO

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devices in

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general and Virtio block devices in particular. However, it

has

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not

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been upstreaned yet.

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Updated patches on review now:
https://lore.kernel.org/xen-devel/1621626361-29076-1-git-

send-

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email-

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[email protected]/

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There is an additional (also important) activity to

improve/fix

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foreign memory mapping on Arm which I am also involved in.

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The foreign memory mapping is proposed to be used for Virtio

backends

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(device emulators) if there is a need to run guest OS completely unmodified.

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Of course, the more secure way would be to use grant memory

mapping.

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Brietly, the main difference between them is that with foreign

mapping

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the

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backend

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can map any guest memory it wants to map, but with grant

mapping

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it is

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allowed to map only what was previously granted by the frontend.

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So, there might be a problem if we want to pre-map some

guest

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memory

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in advance or to cache mappings in the backend in order to

improve

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performance (because the mapping/unmapping guest pages every

request

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requires a lot of back and forth to Xen + P2M updates). In a

nutshell,

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currently, in order to map a guest page into the backend address

space

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we

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need to steal a real physical page from the backend domain. So,

with

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the

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said optimizations we might end up with no free memory in the

backend

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domain (see XSA-300). And what we try to achieve is to not waste

a

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real

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domain memory at all by providing safe non-allocated-yet (so

unused)

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address space for the foreign (and grant) pages to be mapped

into,

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this

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enabling work implies Xen and Linux (and likely DTB bindings)

changes.

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However, as it turned out, for this to work in a proper and safe

way

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some

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prereq work needs to be done.

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You can find the related Xen discussion at:
https://lore.kernel.org/xen-devel/1627489110-25633-1-git-

send-

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email-

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[email protected]/

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One question is how to best handle notification and

kicks.

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The

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existing

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vhost-user framework uses eventfd to signal the daemon

(although

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QEMU

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is quite capable of simulating them when you use TCG).

Xen

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has

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it's own

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IOREQ mechanism. However latency is an important

factor and

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having

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events go through the stub would add quite a lot.

Yeah I think, regardless of anything else, we want the

backends to

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connect directly to the Xen hypervisor.

In my approach,
a) BE -> FE: interrupts triggered by BE calling a

hypervisor

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interface

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via virtio-proxy
b) FE -> BE: MMIO to config raises events (in event

channels),

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which is

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converted to a callback to BE via virtio-

proxy

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(Xen's event channel is internnally

implemented by

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interrupts.)

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I don't know what "connect directly" means here, but

sending

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interrupts

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to the opposite side would be best efficient. Ivshmem, I suppose, takes this approach by utilizing PCI's

msi-x

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mechanism.

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Agree that MSI would be more efficient than SPI... At the moment, in order to notify the frontend, the backend

issues

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a

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specific device-model call to query Xen to inject a

corresponding SPI

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to

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the guest.

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Could we consider the kernel internally converting

IOREQ

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messages from

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the Xen hypervisor to eventfd events? Would this scale

with

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other kernel

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hypercall interfaces?

So any thoughts on what directions are worth

experimenting

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with?

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One option we should consider is for each backend to

connect

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to

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Xen via

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the IOREQ interface. We could generalize the IOREQ

interface

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and

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make it

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hypervisor agnostic. The interface is really trivial and

easy

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to

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add.

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As I said above, my proposal does the same thing that you

mentioned

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here :)

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The difference is that I do call hypervisor interfaces via

virtio-

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proxy.

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The only Xen-specific part is the notification mechanism,

which is

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an

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event channel. If we replaced the event channel with

something

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else the

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interface would be generic. See:
https://gitlab.com/xen-project/xen/-

/blob/staging/xen/include/public/hvm/ioreq.h#L52

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I don't think that translating IOREQs to eventfd in the

kernel

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is

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a

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good idea: if feels like it would be extra complexity

and that

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the

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kernel shouldn't be involved as this is a backend-

hypervisor

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interface.

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Given that we may want to implement BE as a bare-metal

application

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as I did on Zephyr, I don't think that the translation

would not

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be

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a big issue, especially on RTOS's.
It will be some kind of abstraction layer of interrupt

handling

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(or nothing but a callback mechanism).

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Also, eventfd is very Linux-centric and we are trying to

design an

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interface that could work well for RTOSes too. If we

want to

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do

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something different, both OS-agnostic and hypervisor-

agnostic,

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perhaps

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we could design a new interface. One that could be

implementable

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in the

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Xen hypervisor itself (like IOREQ) and of course any

other

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hypervisor

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too.

There is also another problem. IOREQ is probably not be

the

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only

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interface needed. Have a look at
https://marc.info/?l=xen-devel&m=162373754705233&w=2.

Don't we

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also need

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an interface for the backend to inject interrupts into

the

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frontend? And

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if the backend requires dynamic memory mappings of

frontend

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pages,

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then

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we would also need an interface to map/unmap domU pages.

My proposal document might help here; All the interfaces

required

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for

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virtio-proxy (or hypervisor-related interfaces) are listed

as

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RPC protocols :)

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These interfaces are a lot more problematic than IOREQ:

IOREQ

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is

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tiny

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and self-contained. It is easy to add anywhere. A new

interface to

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inject interrupts or map pages is more difficult to

manage

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because

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it

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would require changes scattered across the various

emulators.

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Exactly. I have no confident yet that my approach will

also

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apply

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to other hypervisors than Xen.
Technically, yes, but whether people can accept it or not

is a

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different

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matter.

Thanks,
-Takahiro Akashi

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--
Regards,

Oleksandr Tyshchenko

IMPORTANT NOTICE: The contents of this email and any

attachments are

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confidential and may also be privileged. If you are not the

intended

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recipient, please notify the sender immediately and do not

disclose

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the

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contents to any other person, use it for any purpose, or store

or copy

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the

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information in any medium. Thank you.

IMPORTANT NOTICE: The contents of this email and any attachments

are

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confidential and may also be privileged. If you are not the intended recipient, please notify the sender immediately and do not disclose

the

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contents to any other person, use it for any purpose, or store or

copy the

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information in any medium. Thank you.

IMPORTANT NOTICE: The contents of this email and any attachments are

confidential and may also be privileged. If you are not the intended recipient, please notify the sender immediately and do not disclose the contents to any other person, use it for any purpose, or store or copy the information in any medium. Thank you.

IMPORTANT NOTICE: The contents of this email and any attachments are confidential and may also be privileged. If you are not the intended recipient, please notify the sender immediately and do not disclose the contents to any other person, use it for any purpose, or store or copy the information in any medium. Thank you.

#20 lore raw

Hi Akashi,

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-----Original Message-----
From: AKASHI Takahiro <[email protected]>
Sent: 2021年8月31日 14:18
To: Wei Chen <[email protected]>
Cc: Oleksandr Tyshchenko <[email protected]>; Stefano Stabellini <[email protected]>; Alex Benn??e <[email protected]>; Kaly Xin <[email protected]>; Stratos Mailing List <[email protected]>; [email protected]; Arnd Bergmann <[email protected]>; Viresh Kumar <[email protected]>; Stefano Stabellini <[email protected]>; [email protected]; Jan Kiszka <[email protected]>; Carl van Schaik <[email protected]>; [email protected]; Srivatsa Vaddagiri <[email protected]>; Jean- Philippe Brucker <[email protected]>; Mathieu Poirier <[email protected]>; Oleksandr Tyshchenko <[email protected]>; Bertrand Marquis <[email protected]>; Artem Mygaiev <[email protected]>; Julien Grall <[email protected]>; Juergen Gross <[email protected]>; Paul Durrant <[email protected]>; Xen Devel <[email protected]>
Subject: Re: Enabling hypervisor agnosticism for VirtIO backends

Wei,

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Hi Akashi,

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-----Original Message-----
From: AKASHI Takahiro <[email protected]>
Sent: 2021年8月26日 17:41
To: Wei Chen <[email protected]>
Cc: Oleksandr Tyshchenko <[email protected]>; Stefano Stabellini <[email protected]>; Alex Benn??e <[email protected]>; Kaly

Xin

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<[email protected]>; Stratos Mailing List <stratos-dev@op-

lists.linaro.org>;

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[email protected]; Arnd Bergmann

<[email protected]>;

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Viresh Kumar <[email protected]>; Stefano Stabellini <[email protected]>; [email protected]; Jan Kiszka <[email protected]>; Carl van Schaik <[email protected]>; [email protected]; Srivatsa Vaddagiri <[email protected]>; Jean- Philippe Brucker <[email protected]>; Mathieu Poirier <[email protected]>; Oleksandr Tyshchenko <[email protected]>; Bertrand Marquis <[email protected]>; Artem Mygaiev <[email protected]>;

Julien

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Grall <[email protected]>; Juergen Gross <[email protected]>; Paul Durrant <[email protected]>; Xen Devel <[email protected]>
Subject: Re: Enabling hypervisor agnosticism for VirtIO backends

Hi Wei,

On Fri, Aug 20, 2021 at 03:41:50PM +0900, AKASHI Takahiro wrote:

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Hi Akashi,

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-----Original Message-----
From: AKASHI Takahiro <[email protected]>
Sent: 2021年8月18日 13:39
To: Wei Chen <[email protected]>
Cc: Oleksandr Tyshchenko <[email protected]>; Stefano

Stabellini

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<[email protected]>; Alex Benn??e <[email protected]>;

Stratos

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Mailing List <[email protected]>; virtio-

[email protected]

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open.org; Arnd Bergmann <[email protected]>; Viresh Kumar <[email protected]>; Stefano Stabellini <[email protected]>; [email protected]; Jan Kiszka <[email protected]>; Carl van Schaik

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<[email protected]>;

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[email protected]; Srivatsa Vaddagiri <[email protected]>;

Jean-

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Philippe Brucker <[email protected]>; Mathieu Poirier <[email protected]>; Oleksandr Tyshchenko <[email protected]>; Bertrand Marquis <[email protected]>; Artem Mygaiev

<[email protected]>;

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Julien

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Grall <[email protected]>; Juergen Gross <[email protected]>; Paul

Durrant

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<[email protected]>; Xen Devel <[email protected]>
Subject: Re: Enabling hypervisor agnosticism for VirtIO backends

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Hi Akashi,

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-----Original Message-----
From: AKASHI Takahiro <[email protected]>
Sent: 2021年8月17日 16:08
To: Wei Chen <[email protected]>
Cc: Oleksandr Tyshchenko <[email protected]>; Stefano

Stabellini

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<[email protected]>; Alex Benn??e

<[email protected]>;

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Stratos

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Mailing List <[email protected]>; virtio-

[email protected]

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open.org; Arnd Bergmann <[email protected]>; Viresh

Kumar

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<[email protected]>; Stefano Stabellini <[email protected]>; [email protected]; Jan

Kiszka

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<[email protected]>; Carl van Schaik

<[email protected]>;

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[email protected]; Srivatsa Vaddagiri

<[email protected]>;

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Jean-

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Philippe Brucker <[email protected]>; Mathieu Poirier <[email protected]>; Oleksandr Tyshchenko <[email protected]>; Bertrand Marquis <[email protected]>; Artem Mygaiev

<[email protected]>;

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Julien

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Grall <[email protected]>; Juergen Gross <[email protected]>;

Paul

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Durrant

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<[email protected]>; Xen Devel <[email protected]>
Subject: Re: Enabling hypervisor agnosticism for VirtIO

backends

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Hi Wei, Oleksandr,

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Hi All,

Thanks for Stefano to link my kvmtool for Xen proposal

here.

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This proposal is still discussing in Xen and KVM

communities.

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The main work is to decouple the kvmtool from KVM and make other hypervisors can reuse the virtual device

implementations.

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In this case, we need to introduce an intermediate

hypervisor

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layer for VMM abstraction, Which is, I think it's very

close

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to stratos' virtio hypervisor agnosticism work.

# My proposal[1] comes from my own idea and doesn't always

represent

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# Linaro's view on this subject nor reflect Alex's concerns.

Nevertheless,

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Your idea and my proposal seem to share the same background. Both have the similar goal and currently start with, at

first,

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Xen

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and are based on kvm-tool. (Actually, my work is derived

from

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EPAM's virtio-disk, which is also based on kvm-tool.)

In particular, the abstraction of hypervisor interfaces has

a

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same

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set of interfaces (for your "struct vmm_impl" and my "RPC

interfaces").

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This is not co-incident as we both share the same origin as

I

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said

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above.

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And so we will also share the same issues. One of them is a

way

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of

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"sharing/mapping FE's memory". There is some trade-off

between

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the portability and the performance impact.
So we can discuss the topic here in this ML, too.
(See Alex's original email, too).

Yes, I agree.

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On the other hand, my approach aims to create a "single-

binary"

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solution

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in which the same binary of BE vm could run on any

hypervisors.

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Somehow similar to your "proposal-#2" in [2], but in my

solution,

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all

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the hypervisor-specific code would be put into another

entity

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(VM),

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named "virtio-proxy" and the abstracted operations are

served

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via RPC.

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(In this sense, BE is hypervisor-agnostic but might have OS

dependency.)

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But I know that we need discuss if this is a requirement

even

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in Stratos project or not. (Maybe not)

Sorry, I haven't had time to finish reading your virtio-proxy

completely

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(I will do it ASAP). But from your description, it seems we

need a

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3rd VM between FE and BE? My concern is that, if my assumption

is

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right,

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will it increase the latency in data transport path? Even if

we're

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using some lightweight guest like RTOS or Unikernel,

Yes, you're right. But I'm afraid that it is a matter of degree. As far as we execute 'mapping' operations at every fetch of

payload,

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we will see latency issue (even in your case) and if we have

some

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solution

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for it, we won't see it neither in my proposal :)

Oleksandr has sent a proposal to Xen mailing list to reduce this

kind

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of "mapping/unmapping" operations. So the latency caused by this

behavior

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on Xen may eventually be eliminated, and Linux-KVM doesn't have

that

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problem.

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Obviously, I have not yet caught up there in the discussion. Which patch specifically?

Can you give me the link to the discussion or patch, please?

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It's a RFC discussion. We have tested this RFC patch internally.
https://lists.xenproject.org/archives/html/xen-devel/2021-

07/msg01532.html

I'm afraid that I miss something here, but I don't know why this proposed API will lead to eliminating 'mmap' in accessing the queued payload at every request?

This API give Xen device model (QEMU or kvmtool) the ability to map whole guest RAM in device model's address space. In this case, device model doesn't need dynamic hypercall to map/unmap payload memory. It can use a flat offset to access payload memory in its address space directly. Just Like KVM device model does now.

Before this API, When device model to map whole guest memory, will severely consume the physical pages of Dom-0/Dom-D.

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-Takahiro Akashi

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Thanks,
-Takahiro Akashi

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-Takahiro Akashi

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Specifically speaking about kvm-tool, I have a concern about

its

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license term; Targeting different hypervisors and different

OSs

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(which I assume includes RTOS's), the resultant library

should

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be

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license permissive and GPL for kvm-tool might be an issue. Any thoughts?

Yes. If user want to implement a FreeBSD device model, but the

virtio

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library is GPL. Then GPL would be a problem. If we have

another

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good

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candidate, I am open to it.

I have some candidates, particularly for vq/vring, in my mind:
* Open-AMP, or
* corresponding Free-BSD code

Interesting, I will look into them : )

Cheers,
Wei Chen

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-Takahiro Akashi

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-Takahiro Akashi

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[1] https://op-lists.linaro.org/pipermail/stratos-dev/2021-
August/000548.html
[2] https://marc.info/?l=xen-devel&m=162373754705233&w=2

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From: Oleksandr Tyshchenko <[email protected]>
Sent: 2021年8月14日 23:38
To: AKASHI Takahiro <[email protected]>;

Stefano

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Stabellini

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<[email protected]>

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Cc Alex Benn??e <[email protected]>; Stratos

Mailing

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List

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<[email protected]>; [email protected]

open.org;

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Arnd

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Bergmann <[email protected]>; Viresh Kumar <[email protected]>; Stefano Stabellini <[email protected]>; [email protected]; Jan

Kiszka

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<[email protected]>; Carl van Schaik

<[email protected]>;

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[email protected]; Srivatsa Vaddagiri

<[email protected]>;

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Jean-

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Philippe Brucker <[email protected]>; Mathieu Poirier <[email protected]>; Wei Chen <[email protected]>;

Oleksandr

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Tyshchenko <[email protected]>; Bertrand Marquis <[email protected]>; Artem Mygaiev

<[email protected]>;

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Julien

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Grall <[email protected]>; Juergen Gross <[email protected]>;

Paul

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Durrant

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<[email protected]>; Xen Devel <[email protected]>

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Subject: Re: Enabling hypervisor agnosticism for VirtIO

backends

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Hello, all.

Please see some comments below. And sorry for the

possible

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format

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issues.

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On Wed, Aug 11, 2021 at 9:27 AM AKASHI Takahiro

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On Wed, Aug 04, 2021 at 12:20:01PM -0700, Stefano

Stabellini

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CCing people working on Xen+VirtIO and IOREQs. Not

trimming

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the

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original

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email to let them read the full context.

My comments below are related to a potential Xen

implementation,

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not

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because it is the only implementation that matters,

but

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because it

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is

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the one I know best.

Please note that my proposal (and hence the working

prototype)[1]

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is based on Xen's virtio implementation (i.e. IOREQ)

and

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particularly

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EPAM's virtio-disk application (backend server). It has been, I believe, well generalized but is still

a

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bit

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biased

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toward this original design.

So I hope you like my approach :)

[1] https://op-lists.linaro.org/pipermail/stratos-

dev/2021-

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August/000546.html

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Let me take this opportunity to explain a bit more

about

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my

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approach

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below.

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Also, please see this relevant email thread:
https://marc.info/?l=xen-devel&m=162373754705233&w=2

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Hi,

One of the goals of Project Stratos is to enable

hypervisor

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agnostic

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backends so we can enable as much re-use of code

as

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possible

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and

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avoid

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repeating ourselves. This is the flip side of the

front end

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where

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multiple front-end implementations are required -

one

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per OS,

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assuming

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you don't just want Linux guests. The resultant

guests

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are

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trivially

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movable between hypervisors modulo any abstracted

paravirt

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type

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interfaces.

In my original thumb nail sketch of a solution I

envisioned

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vhost-user

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daemons running in a broadly POSIX like

environment.

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The

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interface to

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the daemon is fairly simple requiring only some

mapped

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memory

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and some

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sort of signalling for events (on Linux this is

eventfd).

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The

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idea was a

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stub binary would be responsible for any

hypervisor

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specific

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setup and

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then launch a common binary to deal with the

actual

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virtqueue

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requests

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themselves.

Since that original sketch we've seen an expansion

in

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the

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sort

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of ways

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backends could be created. There is interest in

encapsulating

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backends

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in RTOSes or unikernels for solutions like SCMI.

There

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interest

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in Rust

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has prompted ideas of using the trait interface to

abstract

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differences

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away as well as the idea of bare-metal Rust

backends.

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We have a card (STR-12) called "Hypercall

Standardisation"

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which

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calls for a description of the APIs needed from

the

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hypervisor

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side to

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support VirtIO guests and their backends. However

we

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are

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some

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way off

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from that at the moment as I think we need to at

least

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demonstrate one

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portable backend before we start codifying

requirements. To

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that

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end I

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want to think about what we need for a backend to

function.

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Configuration
=============

In the type-2 setup this is typically fairly

simple

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because

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the

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host

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system can orchestrate the various modules that

make

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up the

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complete

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system. In the type-1 case (or even type-2 with

delegated

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service VMs)

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we need some sort of mechanism to inform the

backend

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VM

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about

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key

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details about the system:

- where virt queue memory is in it's address

space

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- how it's going to receive (interrupt) and

trigger

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(kick)

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events

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- what (if any) resources the backend needs to

connect to

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Obviously you can elide over configuration issues

by

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having

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static

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configurations and baking the assumptions into

your

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guest

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images

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however

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this isn't scalable in the long term. The obvious

solution

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seems

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to be

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extending a subset of Device Tree data to user

space

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but

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perhaps

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there

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are other approaches?

Before any virtio transactions can take place the

appropriate

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memory

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mappings need to be made between the FE guest and

the

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BE

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guest.

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Currently the whole of the FE guests address space

needs to

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be

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visible

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to whatever is serving the virtio requests. I can

envision 3

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approaches:

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* BE guest boots with memory already mapped

This would entail the guest OS knowing where in

it's

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Guest

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Physical

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Address space is already taken up and avoiding

clashing. I

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would assume

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in this case you would want a standard interface

to

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userspace

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to then

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make that address space visible to the backend

daemon.

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Yet another way here is that we would have well known

"shared

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memory" between

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VMs. I think that Jailhouse's ivshmem gives us good

insights on

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this

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matter

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and that it can even be an alternative for hypervisor-

agnostic

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solution.

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(Please note memory regions in ivshmem appear as a PCI

device

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and

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can be

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mapped locally.)

I want to add this shared memory aspect to my virtio-

proxy,

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but

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the resultant solution would eventually look similar

to

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ivshmem.

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* BE guests boots with a hypervisor handle to

memory

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The BE guest is then free to map the FE's memory

to

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where

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it

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wants in

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the BE's guest physical address space.

I cannot see how this could work for Xen. There is

no

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"handle"

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to

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give

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to the backend if the backend is not running in dom0.

So

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for

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Xen I

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think

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the memory has to be already mapped

In Xen's IOREQ solution (virtio-blk), the following

information

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is

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expected

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to be exposed to BE via Xenstore:
(I know that this is a tentative approach though.)
- the start address of configuration space
- interrupt number
- file path for backing storage
- read-only flag
And the BE server have to call a particular hypervisor

interface

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to

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map the configuration space.

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Yes, Xenstore was chosen as a simple way to pass

configuration

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info to

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the backend running in a non-toolstack domain.

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I remember, there was a wish to avoid using Xenstore in

Virtio

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backend

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itself if possible, so for non-toolstack domain, this could

done

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with

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adjusting devd (daemon that listens for devices and launches

backends)

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to read backend configuration from the Xenstore anyway

and

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pass it

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to

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the backend via command line arguments.

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Yes, in current PoC code we're using xenstore to pass

device

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configuration.

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We also designed a static device configuration parse

method

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for

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Dom0less

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or

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other scenarios don't have xentool. yes, it's from device

model

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command

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line

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or a config file.

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But, if ...

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In my approach (virtio-proxy), all those Xen (or

hypervisor)-

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specific

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stuffs are contained in virtio-proxy, yet another VM,

to

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hide

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all

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details.

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... the solution how to overcome that is already found

and

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proven

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to

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work then even better.

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# My point is that a "handle" is not mandatory for

executing

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mapping.

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and the mapping probably done by the
toolstack (also see below.) Or we would have to

invent a

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new

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Xen

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hypervisor interface and Xen virtual machine

privileges

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to

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allow

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this

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kind of mapping.

If we run the backend in Dom0 that we have no

problems

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of

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course.

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One of difficulties on Xen that I found in my approach

is

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that

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calling

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such hypervisor intefaces (registering IOREQ, mapping

memory) is

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only

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allowed on BE servers themselvies and so we will have

to

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extend

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those

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interfaces.
This, however, will raise some concern on security and

privilege

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distribution

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as Stefan suggested.

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We also faced policy related issues with Virtio backend

running in

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other than Dom0 domain in a "dummy" xsm mode. In our target

system we

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run

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the backend in a driver

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domain (we call it DomD) where the underlying H/W

resides.

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We

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trust it,

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so we wrote policy rules (to be used in "flask" xsm mode) to

provide

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it

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with a little bit more privileges than a simple DomU had.

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Now it is permitted to issue device-model, resource and

memory

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mappings, etc calls.

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To activate the mapping will
require some sort of hypercall to the hypervisor.

I

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can see

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two

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options

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at this point:

- expose the handle to userspace for

daemon/helper

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to

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trigger

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the

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mapping via existing hypercall interfaces. If

using a

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helper

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you

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would have a hypervisor specific one to avoid

the

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daemon

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having to

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care too much about the details or push that

complexity

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into

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a

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compile time option for the daemon which would

result in

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different

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binaries although a common source base.

- expose a new kernel ABI to abstract the

hypercall

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differences away

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in the guest kernel. In this case the

userspace

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would

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essentially

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ask for an abstract "map guest N memory to

userspace

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ptr"

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and let

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the kernel deal with the different hypercall

interfaces.

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This of

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course assumes the majority of BE guests would

be

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Linux

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kernels and

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leaves the bare-metal/unikernel approaches to

their own

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devices.

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Operation
=========

The core of the operation of VirtIO is fairly

simple.

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Once

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the

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vhost-user feature negotiation is done it's a case

of

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receiving

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update

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events and parsing the resultant virt queue for

data.

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The

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vhost-

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user

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specification handles a bunch of setup before that

point,

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mostly

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to

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detail where the virt queues are set up FD's for

memory and

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event

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communication. This is where the envisioned stub

process

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would

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be

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responsible for getting the daemon up and ready to

run.

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This

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is

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currently done inside a big VMM like QEMU but I

suspect a

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modern

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approach would be to use the rust-vmm vhost crate.

It

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would

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then

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either

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communicate with the kernel's abstracted ABI or be

re-

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targeted

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as a

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build option for the various hypervisors.

One thing I mentioned before to Alex is that Xen

doesn't

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have

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VMMs

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the

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way they are typically envisioned and described in

other

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environments.

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Instead, Xen has IOREQ servers. Each of them

connects

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independently to

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Xen via the IOREQ interface. E.g. today multiple

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Part of this message is not shown here. View the raw message.

#21 lore raw

Hi Wei,

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Hi Akashi,

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-----Original Message-----
From: AKASHI Takahiro <[email protected]>
Sent: 2021年8月31日 14:18
To: Wei Chen <[email protected]>
Cc: Oleksandr Tyshchenko <[email protected]>; Stefano Stabellini <[email protected]>; Alex Benn??e <[email protected]>; Kaly Xin <[email protected]>; Stratos Mailing List <[email protected]>; [email protected]; Arnd Bergmann <[email protected]>; Viresh Kumar <[email protected]>; Stefano Stabellini <[email protected]>; [email protected]; Jan Kiszka <[email protected]>; Carl van Schaik <[email protected]>; [email protected]; Srivatsa Vaddagiri <[email protected]>; Jean- Philippe Brucker <[email protected]>; Mathieu Poirier <[email protected]>; Oleksandr Tyshchenko <[email protected]>; Bertrand Marquis <[email protected]>; Artem Mygaiev <[email protected]>; Julien Grall <[email protected]>; Juergen Gross <[email protected]>; Paul Durrant <[email protected]>; Xen Devel <[email protected]>
Subject: Re: Enabling hypervisor agnosticism for VirtIO backends

Wei,

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Hi Akashi,

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-----Original Message-----
From: AKASHI Takahiro <[email protected]>
Sent: 2021年8月26日 17:41
To: Wei Chen <[email protected]>
Cc: Oleksandr Tyshchenko <[email protected]>; Stefano Stabellini <[email protected]>; Alex Benn??e <[email protected]>; Kaly

Xin

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<[email protected]>; Stratos Mailing List <stratos-dev@op-

lists.linaro.org>;

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[email protected]; Arnd Bergmann

<[email protected]>;

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Viresh Kumar <[email protected]>; Stefano Stabellini <[email protected]>; [email protected]; Jan Kiszka <[email protected]>; Carl van Schaik <[email protected]>; [email protected]; Srivatsa Vaddagiri <[email protected]>; Jean- Philippe Brucker <[email protected]>; Mathieu Poirier <[email protected]>; Oleksandr Tyshchenko <[email protected]>; Bertrand Marquis <[email protected]>; Artem Mygaiev <[email protected]>;

Julien

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Grall <[email protected]>; Juergen Gross <[email protected]>; Paul Durrant <[email protected]>; Xen Devel <[email protected]>
Subject: Re: Enabling hypervisor agnosticism for VirtIO backends

Hi Wei,

On Fri, Aug 20, 2021 at 03:41:50PM +0900, AKASHI Takahiro wrote:

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Hi Akashi,

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-----Original Message-----
From: AKASHI Takahiro <[email protected]>
Sent: 2021年8月18日 13:39
To: Wei Chen <[email protected]>
Cc: Oleksandr Tyshchenko <[email protected]>; Stefano

Stabellini

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<[email protected]>; Alex Benn??e <[email protected]>;

Stratos

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Mailing List <[email protected]>; virtio-

[email protected]

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open.org; Arnd Bergmann <[email protected]>; Viresh Kumar <[email protected]>; Stefano Stabellini <[email protected]>; [email protected]; Jan Kiszka <[email protected]>; Carl van Schaik

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<[email protected]>;

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[email protected]; Srivatsa Vaddagiri <[email protected]>;

Jean-

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Philippe Brucker <[email protected]>; Mathieu Poirier <[email protected]>; Oleksandr Tyshchenko <[email protected]>; Bertrand Marquis <[email protected]>; Artem Mygaiev

<[email protected]>;

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Julien

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Grall <[email protected]>; Juergen Gross <[email protected]>; Paul

Durrant

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<[email protected]>; Xen Devel <[email protected]>
Subject: Re: Enabling hypervisor agnosticism for VirtIO backends

Quoted 2 lines · Wei Chen

Hi Akashi,

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-----Original Message-----
From: AKASHI Takahiro <[email protected]>
Sent: 2021年8月17日 16:08
To: Wei Chen <[email protected]>
Cc: Oleksandr Tyshchenko <[email protected]>; Stefano

Stabellini

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<[email protected]>; Alex Benn??e

<[email protected]>;

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Stratos

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Mailing List <[email protected]>; virtio-

[email protected]

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open.org; Arnd Bergmann <[email protected]>; Viresh

Kumar

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<[email protected]>; Stefano Stabellini <[email protected]>; [email protected]; Jan

Kiszka

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<[email protected]>; Carl van Schaik

<[email protected]>;

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[email protected]; Srivatsa Vaddagiri

<[email protected]>;

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Jean-

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Philippe Brucker <[email protected]>; Mathieu Poirier <[email protected]>; Oleksandr Tyshchenko <[email protected]>; Bertrand Marquis <[email protected]>; Artem Mygaiev

<[email protected]>;

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Julien

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Grall <[email protected]>; Juergen Gross <[email protected]>;

Paul

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Durrant

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<[email protected]>; Xen Devel <[email protected]>
Subject: Re: Enabling hypervisor agnosticism for VirtIO

backends

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Hi Wei, Oleksandr,

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Hi All,

Thanks for Stefano to link my kvmtool for Xen proposal

here.

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This proposal is still discussing in Xen and KVM

communities.

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The main work is to decouple the kvmtool from KVM and make other hypervisors can reuse the virtual device

implementations.

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In this case, we need to introduce an intermediate

hypervisor

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layer for VMM abstraction, Which is, I think it's very

close

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to stratos' virtio hypervisor agnosticism work.

# My proposal[1] comes from my own idea and doesn't always

represent

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# Linaro's view on this subject nor reflect Alex's concerns.

Nevertheless,

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Your idea and my proposal seem to share the same background. Both have the similar goal and currently start with, at

first,

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Xen

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and are based on kvm-tool. (Actually, my work is derived

from

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EPAM's virtio-disk, which is also based on kvm-tool.)

In particular, the abstraction of hypervisor interfaces has

a

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same

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set of interfaces (for your "struct vmm_impl" and my "RPC

interfaces").

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This is not co-incident as we both share the same origin as

I

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said

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above.

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And so we will also share the same issues. One of them is a

way

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of

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"sharing/mapping FE's memory". There is some trade-off

between

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the portability and the performance impact.
So we can discuss the topic here in this ML, too.
(See Alex's original email, too).

Yes, I agree.

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On the other hand, my approach aims to create a "single-

binary"

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solution

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in which the same binary of BE vm could run on any

hypervisors.

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Somehow similar to your "proposal-#2" in [2], but in my

solution,

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all

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the hypervisor-specific code would be put into another

entity

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(VM),

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named "virtio-proxy" and the abstracted operations are

served

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via RPC.

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(In this sense, BE is hypervisor-agnostic but might have OS

dependency.)

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But I know that we need discuss if this is a requirement

even

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in Stratos project or not. (Maybe not)

Sorry, I haven't had time to finish reading your virtio-proxy

completely

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(I will do it ASAP). But from your description, it seems we

need a

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3rd VM between FE and BE? My concern is that, if my assumption

is

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right,

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will it increase the latency in data transport path? Even if

we're

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using some lightweight guest like RTOS or Unikernel,

Yes, you're right. But I'm afraid that it is a matter of degree. As far as we execute 'mapping' operations at every fetch of

payload,

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we will see latency issue (even in your case) and if we have

some

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solution

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for it, we won't see it neither in my proposal :)

Oleksandr has sent a proposal to Xen mailing list to reduce this

kind

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of "mapping/unmapping" operations. So the latency caused by this

behavior

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on Xen may eventually be eliminated, and Linux-KVM doesn't have

that

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problem.

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Obviously, I have not yet caught up there in the discussion. Which patch specifically?

Can you give me the link to the discussion or patch, please?

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It's a RFC discussion. We have tested this RFC patch internally.
https://lists.xenproject.org/archives/html/xen-devel/2021-

07/msg01532.html

I'm afraid that I miss something here, but I don't know why this proposed API will lead to eliminating 'mmap' in accessing the queued payload at every request?

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This API give Xen device model (QEMU or kvmtool) the ability to map whole guest RAM in device model's address space. In this case, device model doesn't need dynamic hypercall to map/unmap payload memory. It can use a flat offset to access payload memory in its address space directly. Just Like KVM device model does now.

Thank you. Quickly, let me make sure one thing:
This API itself doesn't do any mapping operations, right? So I suppose that virtio BE guest is responsible to
1) fetch the information about all the memory regions in FE,
2) call this API to allocate a big chunk of unused space in BE,
3) create grant/foreign mappings for FE onto this region(S) in the initialization/configuration of emulated virtio devices.

Is this the way this API is expected to be used?
Does Xen already has an interface for (1)?

-Takahiro Akashi

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Before this API, When device model to map whole guest memory, will severely consume the physical pages of Dom-0/Dom-D.

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-Takahiro Akashi

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Thanks,
-Takahiro Akashi

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-Takahiro Akashi

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Specifically speaking about kvm-tool, I have a concern about

its

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license term; Targeting different hypervisors and different

OSs

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(which I assume includes RTOS's), the resultant library

should

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be

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license permissive and GPL for kvm-tool might be an issue. Any thoughts?

Yes. If user want to implement a FreeBSD device model, but the

virtio

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library is GPL. Then GPL would be a problem. If we have

another

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good

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candidate, I am open to it.

I have some candidates, particularly for vq/vring, in my mind:
* Open-AMP, or
* corresponding Free-BSD code

Interesting, I will look into them : )

Cheers,
Wei Chen

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-Takahiro Akashi

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-Takahiro Akashi

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[1] https://op-lists.linaro.org/pipermail/stratos-dev/2021-
August/000548.html
[2] https://marc.info/?l=xen-devel&m=162373754705233&w=2

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From: Oleksandr Tyshchenko <[email protected]>
Sent: 2021年8月14日 23:38
To: AKASHI Takahiro <[email protected]>;

Stefano

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Stabellini

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<[email protected]>

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Cc Alex Benn??e <[email protected]>; Stratos

Mailing

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List

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<[email protected]>; [email protected]

open.org;

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Arnd

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Bergmann <[email protected]>; Viresh Kumar <[email protected]>; Stefano Stabellini <[email protected]>; [email protected]; Jan

Kiszka

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<[email protected]>; Carl van Schaik

<[email protected]>;

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[email protected]; Srivatsa Vaddagiri

<[email protected]>;

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Jean-

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Philippe Brucker <[email protected]>; Mathieu Poirier <[email protected]>; Wei Chen <[email protected]>;

Oleksandr

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Tyshchenko <[email protected]>; Bertrand Marquis <[email protected]>; Artem Mygaiev

<[email protected]>;

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Julien

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Grall <[email protected]>; Juergen Gross <[email protected]>;

Paul

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Durrant

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<[email protected]>; Xen Devel <[email protected]>

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Subject: Re: Enabling hypervisor agnosticism for VirtIO

backends

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Hello, all.

Please see some comments below. And sorry for the

possible

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format

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issues.

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On Wed, Aug 11, 2021 at 9:27 AM AKASHI Takahiro

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On Wed, Aug 04, 2021 at 12:20:01PM -0700, Stefano

Stabellini

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CCing people working on Xen+VirtIO and IOREQs. Not

trimming

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the

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original

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email to let them read the full context.

My comments below are related to a potential Xen

implementation,

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not

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because it is the only implementation that matters,

but

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because it

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is

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the one I know best.

Please note that my proposal (and hence the working

prototype)[1]

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is based on Xen's virtio implementation (i.e. IOREQ)

and

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particularly

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EPAM's virtio-disk application (backend server). It has been, I believe, well generalized but is still

a

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bit

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biased

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toward this original design.

So I hope you like my approach :)

[1] https://op-lists.linaro.org/pipermail/stratos-

dev/2021-

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August/000546.html

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Let me take this opportunity to explain a bit more

about

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my

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approach

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below.

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Also, please see this relevant email thread:
https://marc.info/?l=xen-devel&m=162373754705233&w=2

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Hi,

One of the goals of Project Stratos is to enable

hypervisor

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agnostic

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backends so we can enable as much re-use of code

as

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possible

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and

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avoid

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repeating ourselves. This is the flip side of the

front end

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where

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multiple front-end implementations are required -

one

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per OS,

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assuming

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you don't just want Linux guests. The resultant

guests

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are

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trivially

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movable between hypervisors modulo any abstracted

paravirt

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type

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interfaces.

In my original thumb nail sketch of a solution I

envisioned

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vhost-user

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daemons running in a broadly POSIX like

environment.

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The

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interface to

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the daemon is fairly simple requiring only some

mapped

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memory

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and some

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sort of signalling for events (on Linux this is

eventfd).

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The

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idea was a

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stub binary would be responsible for any

hypervisor

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specific

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setup and

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then launch a common binary to deal with the

actual

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virtqueue

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requests

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themselves.

Since that original sketch we've seen an expansion

in

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the

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sort

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of ways

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backends could be created. There is interest in

encapsulating

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backends

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in RTOSes or unikernels for solutions like SCMI.

There

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interest

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in Rust

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has prompted ideas of using the trait interface to

abstract

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differences

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away as well as the idea of bare-metal Rust

backends.

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We have a card (STR-12) called "Hypercall

Standardisation"

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which

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calls for a description of the APIs needed from

the

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hypervisor

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side to

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support VirtIO guests and their backends. However

we

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are

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some

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way off

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from that at the moment as I think we need to at

least

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demonstrate one

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portable backend before we start codifying

requirements. To

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that

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end I

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want to think about what we need for a backend to

function.

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Configuration
=============

In the type-2 setup this is typically fairly

simple

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because

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the

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host

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system can orchestrate the various modules that

make

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up the

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complete

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system. In the type-1 case (or even type-2 with

delegated

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service VMs)

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we need some sort of mechanism to inform the

backend

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VM

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about

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key

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details about the system:

- where virt queue memory is in it's address

space

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- how it's going to receive (interrupt) and

trigger

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(kick)

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events

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- what (if any) resources the backend needs to

connect to

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Obviously you can elide over configuration issues

by

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having

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static

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configurations and baking the assumptions into

your

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guest

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images

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however

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this isn't scalable in the long term. The obvious

solution

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seems

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to be

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extending a subset of Device Tree data to user

space

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but

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perhaps

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there

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are other approaches?

Before any virtio transactions can take place the

appropriate

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memory

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mappings need to be made between the FE guest and

the

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BE

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guest.

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Currently the whole of the FE guests address space

needs to

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be

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visible

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to whatever is serving the virtio requests. I can

envision 3

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approaches:

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* BE guest boots with memory already mapped

This would entail the guest OS knowing where in

it's

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Guest

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Physical

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Address space is already taken up and avoiding

clashing. I

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would assume

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in this case you would want a standard interface

to

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userspace

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to then

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make that address space visible to the backend

daemon.

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Yet another way here is that we would have well known

"shared

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memory" between

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VMs. I think that Jailhouse's ivshmem gives us good

insights on

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this

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matter

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and that it can even be an alternative for hypervisor-

agnostic

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solution.

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(Please note memory regions in ivshmem appear as a PCI

device

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and

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can be

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mapped locally.)

I want to add this shared memory aspect to my virtio-

proxy,

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but

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the resultant solution would eventually look similar

to

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ivshmem.

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* BE guests boots with a hypervisor handle to

memory

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The BE guest is then free to map the FE's memory

to

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where

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it

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wants in

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the BE's guest physical address space.

I cannot see how this could work for Xen. There is

no

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"handle"

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to

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give

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to the backend if the backend is not running in dom0.

So

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for

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Xen I

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think

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the memory has to be already mapped

In Xen's IOREQ solution (virtio-blk), the following

information

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is

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expected

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to be exposed to BE via Xenstore:
(I know that this is a tentative approach though.)
- the start address of configuration space
- interrupt number
- file path for backing storage
- read-only flag
And the BE server have to call a particular hypervisor

interface

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to

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map the configuration space.

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Yes, Xenstore was chosen as a simple way to pass

configuration

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info to

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the backend running in a non-toolstack domain.

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I remember, there was a wish to avoid using Xenstore in

Virtio

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backend

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itself if possible, so for non-toolstack domain, this could

done

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with

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adjusting devd (daemon that listens for devices and launches

backends)

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to read backend configuration from the Xenstore anyway

and

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pass it

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to

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the backend via command line arguments.

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Yes, in current PoC code we're using xenstore to pass

device

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configuration.

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We also designed a static device configuration parse

method

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for

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Dom0less

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or

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other scenarios don't have xentool. yes, it's from device

model

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command

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line

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or a config file.

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But, if ...

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In my approach (virtio-proxy), all those Xen (or

hypervisor)-

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specific

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stuffs are contained in virtio-proxy, yet another VM,

to

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hide

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all

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details.

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... the solution how to overcome that is already found

and

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proven

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to

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work then even better.

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# My point is that a "handle" is not mandatory for

executing

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mapping.

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and the mapping probably done by the
toolstack (also see below.) Or we would have to

invent a

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new

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Xen

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hypervisor interface and Xen virtual machine

privileges

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to

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allow

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this

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kind of mapping.

If we run the backend in Dom0 that we have no

problems

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of

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course.

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One of difficulties on Xen that I found in my approach

is

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that

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calling

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such hypervisor intefaces (registering IOREQ, mapping

memory) is

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only

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allowed on BE servers themselvies and so we will have

to

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extend

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those

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interfaces.
This, however, will raise some concern on security and

privilege

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distribution

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as Stefan suggested.

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We also faced policy related issues with Virtio backend

running in

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other than Dom0 domain in a "dummy" xsm mode. In our target

system we

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run

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the backend in a driver

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domain (we call it DomD) where the underlying H/W

resides.

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We

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trust it,

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so we wrote policy rules (to be used in "flask" xsm mode) to

provide

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it

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with a little bit more privileges than a simple DomU had.

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Now it is permitted to issue device-model, resource and

memory

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mappings, etc calls.

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To activate the mapping will
require some sort of hypercall to the hypervisor.

I

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can see

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two

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options

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at this point:

- expose the handle to userspace for

daemon/helper

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to

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trigger

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the

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mapping via existing hypercall interfaces. If

using a

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helper

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you

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would have a hypervisor specific one to avoid

the

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daemon

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having to

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care too much about the details or push that

complexity

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into

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a

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compile time option for the daemon which would

result in

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different

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binaries although a common source base.

- expose a new kernel ABI to abstract the

hypercall

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differences away

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in the guest kernel. In this case the

userspace

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would

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essentially

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ask for an abstract "map guest N memory to

userspace

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ptr"

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and let

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the kernel deal with the different hypercall

interfaces.

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This of

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course assumes the majority of BE guests would

be

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Linux

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kernels and

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leaves the bare-metal/unikernel approaches to

their own

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devices.

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Operation
=========

The core of the operation of VirtIO is fairly

simple.

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Once

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the

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vhost-user feature negotiation is done it's a case

of

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receiving

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update

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events and parsing the resultant virt queue for

data.

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The

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vhost-

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user

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specification handles a bunch of setup before that

point,

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mostly

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to

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detail where the virt queues are set up FD's for

memory and

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event

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communication. This is where the envisioned stub

process

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would

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be

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responsible for getting the daemon up and ready to

run.

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This

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is

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currently done inside a big VMM like QEMU but I

suspect a

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modern

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approach would be to use the rust-vmm vhost crate.

It

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would

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then

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either

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communicate with the kernel's abstracted ABI or be

re-

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targeted

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as a

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build option for the various hypervisors.

One thing I mentioned before to Alex is that Xen

doesn't

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have

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VMMs

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the

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way they are typically envisioned and described in

other

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environments.

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Instead, Xen has IOREQ servers. Each of them

connects

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independently to

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Xen via the IOREQ interface. E.g. today multiple

QEMUs

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could

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be

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used as

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emulators for a single Xen VM, each of them

connecting

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to Xen

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independently via the IOREQ interface.

The component responsible for starting a daemon

and/or

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setting

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up

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shared

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interfaces is the toolstack: the xl command and the

libxl/libxc

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libraries.

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Part of this message is not shown here. View the raw message.

#22 lore raw

Hi Akashi,

I am sorry for the possible format issues.

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It's a RFC discussion. We have tested this RFC patch internally.
https://lists.xenproject.org/archives/html/xen-devel/2021-

07/msg01532.html

I'm afraid that I miss something here, but I don't know why this proposed API will lead to eliminating 'mmap' in accessing the queued payload at every request?

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This API give Xen device model (QEMU or kvmtool) the ability to map whole guest RAM in device model's address space. In this case, device model doesn't need dynamic hypercall to map/unmap payload memory. It can use a flat offset to access payload memory in its address space directly. Just Like KVM device model does now.

Yes!

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Thank you. Quickly, let me make sure one thing:
This API itself doesn't do any mapping operations, right?

Right. The only purpose of that "API" is to guery hypervisor to find unallocated address space ranges to map the foreign pages into (instead of stealing real RAM pages),
In a nutshell, if you try to map the whole guest memory in the backend address space on Arm (or even cache some mappings) you might end up with memory exhaustion in the backend domain (XSA-300),
and the possibility to hit XSA-300 is higher if your backend needs to serve several Guests. Of course, this depends on the memory assigned to the backend domain and to the Guest(s) it serves...
We believe that with the proposed solution the backend will be able to handle Guest(s) without wasting it's real RAM. However, please note that proposed Xen + Linux changes which are on review now [1] are far from the final solution and require rework and some prereq work to operate in a proper and safe way.

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So I suppose that virtio BE guest is responsible to
1) fetch the information about all the memory regions in FE,
2) call this API to allocate a big chunk of unused space in BE,
3) create grant/foreign mappings for FE onto this region(S) in the initialization/configuration of emulated virtio devices.

Is this the way this API is expected to be used?

No really, the userspace backend doesn't need to call this API at all, all what backend calls is still xenforeignmemory_map()/xenforeignmemory_unmap(), so let's say "magic" is done by Linux and Xen internally.
You can take a look at the virtio-disk PoC [2] (last 4 patches) to better understand what Wei and I are talking about. There we map the Guest memory at the beginning and just calculate a pointer at runtime. Again, the code is not in good shape, but it is enough to demonstrate the feasibility of the improvement.

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Does Xen already has an interface for (1)?

I am not aware of anything existing. For the PoC I guessed the Guest memory layout in a really hackish way (I got total Guest memory size, so having GUEST_RAMX_BASE/GUEST_RAMX_SIZE in hand just performed calculation). Definitely, it is a no-go, so 1) deserves additional discussion/design.

[1]
https://lore.kernel.org/xen-devel/[email protected]/
https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/[email protected]/
https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/[email protected]/
[2]
https://github.com/otyshchenko1/virtio-disk/commits/map_opt_next

Signature · 3 lines
Regards,

Oleksandr Tyshchenko
#23 lore raw
In reply to AKASHI Takahiro

Hi Akashi,

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-----Original Message-----
From: AKASHI Takahiro <[email protected]>
Sent: 2021年9月1日 20:29
To: Wei Chen <[email protected]>
Cc: Oleksandr Tyshchenko <[email protected]>; Stefano Stabellini <[email protected]>; Alex Benn??e <[email protected]>; Kaly Xin <[email protected]>; Stratos Mailing List <[email protected]>; [email protected]; Arnd Bergmann <[email protected]>; Viresh Kumar <[email protected]>; Stefano Stabellini <[email protected]>; [email protected]; Jan Kiszka <[email protected]>; Carl van Schaik <[email protected]>; [email protected]; Srivatsa Vaddagiri <[email protected]>; Jean- Philippe Brucker <[email protected]>; Mathieu Poirier <[email protected]>; Oleksandr Tyshchenko <[email protected]>; Bertrand Marquis <[email protected]>; Artem Mygaiev <[email protected]>; Julien Grall <[email protected]>; Juergen Gross <[email protected]>; Paul Durrant <[email protected]>; nd <[email protected]>; Xen Devel <[email protected]>
Subject: Re: Enabling hypervisor agnosticism for VirtIO backends

Hi Wei,

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Hi Akashi,

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-----Original Message-----
From: AKASHI Takahiro <[email protected]>
Sent: 2021年8月31日 14:18
To: Wei Chen <[email protected]>
Cc: Oleksandr Tyshchenko <[email protected]>; Stefano Stabellini <[email protected]>; Alex Benn??e <[email protected]>; Kaly

Xin

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<[email protected]>; Stratos Mailing List <stratos-dev@op-

lists.linaro.org>;

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[email protected]; Arnd Bergmann

<[email protected]>;

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Viresh Kumar <[email protected]>; Stefano Stabellini <[email protected]>; [email protected]; Jan Kiszka <[email protected]>; Carl van Schaik <[email protected]>; [email protected]; Srivatsa Vaddagiri <[email protected]>; Jean- Philippe Brucker <[email protected]>; Mathieu Poirier <[email protected]>; Oleksandr Tyshchenko <[email protected]>; Bertrand Marquis <[email protected]>; Artem Mygaiev <[email protected]>;

Julien

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Grall <[email protected]>; Juergen Gross <[email protected]>; Paul Durrant <[email protected]>; Xen Devel <[email protected]>
Subject: Re: Enabling hypervisor agnosticism for VirtIO backends

Wei,

On Thu, Aug 26, 2021 at 12:10:19PM +0000, Wei Chen wrote:

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Hi Akashi,

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-----Original Message-----
From: AKASHI Takahiro <[email protected]>
Sent: 2021年8月26日 17:41
To: Wei Chen <[email protected]>
Cc: Oleksandr Tyshchenko <[email protected]>; Stefano Stabellini <[email protected]>; Alex Benn??e <[email protected]>;

Kaly

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Xin

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<[email protected]>; Stratos Mailing List <stratos-dev@op-

lists.linaro.org>;

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[email protected]; Arnd Bergmann

<[email protected]>;

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Viresh Kumar <[email protected]>; Stefano Stabellini <[email protected]>; [email protected]; Jan Kiszka <[email protected]>; Carl van Schaik

<[email protected]>;

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[email protected]; Srivatsa Vaddagiri <[email protected]>;

Jean-

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Philippe Brucker <[email protected]>; Mathieu Poirier <[email protected]>; Oleksandr Tyshchenko <[email protected]>; Bertrand Marquis <[email protected]>; Artem Mygaiev <[email protected]>;

Julien

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Grall <[email protected]>; Juergen Gross <[email protected]>; Paul

Durrant

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<[email protected]>; Xen Devel <[email protected]>
Subject: Re: Enabling hypervisor agnosticism for VirtIO backends

Hi Wei,

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Hi Akashi,

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-----Original Message-----
From: AKASHI Takahiro <[email protected]>
Sent: 2021年8月18日 13:39
To: Wei Chen <[email protected]>
Cc: Oleksandr Tyshchenko <[email protected]>; Stefano

Stabellini

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<[email protected]>; Alex Benn??e

<[email protected]>;

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Stratos

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Mailing List <[email protected]>; virtio-

[email protected]

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open.org; Arnd Bergmann <[email protected]>; Viresh

Kumar

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<[email protected]>; Stefano Stabellini <[email protected]>; [email protected]; Jan

Kiszka

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<[email protected]>; Carl van Schaik

<[email protected]>;

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[email protected]; Srivatsa Vaddagiri

<[email protected]>;

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Jean-

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Philippe Brucker <[email protected]>; Mathieu Poirier <[email protected]>; Oleksandr Tyshchenko <[email protected]>; Bertrand Marquis <[email protected]>; Artem Mygaiev

<[email protected]>;

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Julien

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Grall <[email protected]>; Juergen Gross <[email protected]>;

Paul

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Durrant

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<[email protected]>; Xen Devel <[email protected]>
Subject: Re: Enabling hypervisor agnosticism for VirtIO

backends

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Hi Akashi,

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-----Original Message-----
From: AKASHI Takahiro <[email protected]>
Sent: 2021年8月17日 16:08
To: Wei Chen <[email protected]>
Cc: Oleksandr Tyshchenko <[email protected]>; Stefano

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Stabellini

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<[email protected]>; Alex Benn??e

<[email protected]>;

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Stratos

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Mailing List <[email protected]>; virtio-

[email protected]

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open.org; Arnd Bergmann <[email protected]>;

Viresh

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Kumar

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<[email protected]>; Stefano Stabellini <[email protected]>; [email protected];

Jan

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Kiszka

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<[email protected]>; Carl van Schaik

<[email protected]>;

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[email protected]; Srivatsa Vaddagiri

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Jean-

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Philippe Brucker <[email protected]>; Mathieu

Poirier

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<[email protected]>; Oleksandr Tyshchenko <[email protected]>; Bertrand Marquis <[email protected]>; Artem Mygaiev

<[email protected]>;

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Julien

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Grall <[email protected]>; Juergen Gross <[email protected]>;

Paul

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Durrant

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<[email protected]>; Xen Devel <[email protected]>
Subject: Re: Enabling hypervisor agnosticism for VirtIO

backends

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Hi Wei, Oleksandr,

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Hi All,

Thanks for Stefano to link my kvmtool for Xen proposal

here.

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This proposal is still discussing in Xen and KVM

communities.

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The main work is to decouple the kvmtool from KVM and

make

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other hypervisors can reuse the virtual device

implementations.

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In this case, we need to introduce an intermediate

hypervisor

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layer for VMM abstraction, Which is, I think it's very

close

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to stratos' virtio hypervisor agnosticism work.

# My proposal[1] comes from my own idea and doesn't

always

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represent

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# Linaro's view on this subject nor reflect Alex's

concerns.

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Nevertheless,

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Your idea and my proposal seem to share the same

background.

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Both have the similar goal and currently start with, at

first,

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Xen

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and are based on kvm-tool. (Actually, my work is derived

from

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EPAM's virtio-disk, which is also based on kvm-tool.)

In particular, the abstraction of hypervisor interfaces

has

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a

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same

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set of interfaces (for your "struct vmm_impl" and my

"RPC

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interfaces").

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This is not co-incident as we both share the same origin

as

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I

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said

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above.

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And so we will also share the same issues. One of them

is a

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way

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of

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"sharing/mapping FE's memory". There is some trade-off

between

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the portability and the performance impact. So we can discuss the topic here in this ML, too. (See Alex's original email, too).

Yes, I agree.

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On the other hand, my approach aims to create a "single-

binary"

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solution

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in which the same binary of BE vm could run on any

hypervisors.

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Somehow similar to your "proposal-#2" in [2], but in my

solution,

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all

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the hypervisor-specific code would be put into another

entity

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(VM),

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named "virtio-proxy" and the abstracted operations are

served

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via RPC.

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(In this sense, BE is hypervisor-agnostic but might have

OS

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dependency.)

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But I know that we need discuss if this is a requirement

even

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in Stratos project or not. (Maybe not)

Sorry, I haven't had time to finish reading your virtio-

proxy

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completely

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(I will do it ASAP). But from your description, it seems

we

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need a

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3rd VM between FE and BE? My concern is that, if my

assumption

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is

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right,

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will it increase the latency in data transport path? Even

if

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we're

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using some lightweight guest like RTOS or Unikernel,

Yes, you're right. But I'm afraid that it is a matter of

degree.

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As far as we execute 'mapping' operations at every fetch of

payload,

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we will see latency issue (even in your case) and if we have

some

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solution

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for it, we won't see it neither in my proposal :)

Oleksandr has sent a proposal to Xen mailing list to reduce

this

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kind

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of "mapping/unmapping" operations. So the latency caused by

this

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behavior

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on Xen may eventually be eliminated, and Linux-KVM doesn't

have

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that

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problem.

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Obviously, I have not yet caught up there in the discussion. Which patch specifically?

Can you give me the link to the discussion or patch, please?

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It's a RFC discussion. We have tested this RFC patch internally.
https://lists.xenproject.org/archives/html/xen-devel/2021-

07/msg01532.html

I'm afraid that I miss something here, but I don't know why this proposed API will lead to eliminating 'mmap' in accessing the queued payload at every request?

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This API give Xen device model (QEMU or kvmtool) the ability to map whole guest RAM in device model's address space. In this case, device model doesn't need dynamic hypercall to map/unmap payload memory. It can use a flat offset to access payload memory in its address space directly. Just Like KVM device model does now.

Thank you. Quickly, let me make sure one thing:
This API itself doesn't do any mapping operations, right? So I suppose that virtio BE guest is responsible to
1) fetch the information about all the memory regions in FE,
2) call this API to allocate a big chunk of unused space in BE,
3) create grant/foreign mappings for FE onto this region(S) in the initialization/configuration of emulated virtio devices.

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Is this the way this API is expected to be used?
Does Xen already has an interface for (1)?

They are discussing in that thread to find a proper way to do it. Because this API is common, both x86 and Arm should be considered.

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-Takahiro Akashi

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Before this API, When device model to map whole guest memory, will severely consume the physical pages of Dom-0/Dom-D.

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-Takahiro Akashi

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Thanks,
-Takahiro Akashi

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-Takahiro Akashi

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Specifically speaking about kvm-tool, I have a concern

about

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its

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license term; Targeting different hypervisors and

different

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OSs

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(which I assume includes RTOS's), the resultant library

should

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be

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license permissive and GPL for kvm-tool might be an

issue.

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Any thoughts?

Yes. If user want to implement a FreeBSD device model, but

the

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virtio

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library is GPL. Then GPL would be a problem. If we have

another

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good

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candidate, I am open to it.

I have some candidates, particularly for vq/vring, in my

mind:

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* Open-AMP, or
* corresponding Free-BSD code

Interesting, I will look into them : )

Cheers,
Wei Chen

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-Takahiro Akashi

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-Takahiro Akashi

[1] https://op-lists.linaro.org/pipermail/stratos-

dev/2021-

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August/000548.html
[2] https://marc.info/?l=xen-devel&m=162373754705233&w=2

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From: Oleksandr Tyshchenko <[email protected]>
Sent: 2021年8月14日 23:38
To: AKASHI Takahiro <[email protected]>;

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Stefano

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Stabellini

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<[email protected]>

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Cc Alex Benn??e <[email protected]>; Stratos

Mailing

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List

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<[email protected]>; virtio-

[email protected]

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open.org;

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Arnd

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Bergmann <[email protected]>; Viresh Kumar <[email protected]>; Stefano Stabellini <[email protected]>; [email protected];

Jan

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Kiszka

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<[email protected]>; Carl van Schaik

<[email protected]>;

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[email protected]; Srivatsa Vaddagiri

<[email protected]>;

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Jean-

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Philippe Brucker <[email protected]>; Mathieu

Poirier

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<[email protected]>; Wei Chen

<[email protected]>;

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Oleksandr

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Tyshchenko <[email protected]>; Bertrand

Marquis

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<[email protected]>; Artem Mygaiev

<[email protected]>;

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Julien

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Grall <[email protected]>; Juergen Gross <[email protected]>;

Paul

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Durrant

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<[email protected]>; Xen Devel <[email protected]>

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Subject: Re: Enabling hypervisor agnosticism for

VirtIO

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backends

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Hello, all.

Please see some comments below. And sorry for the

possible

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format

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issues.

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On Wed, Aug 11, 2021 at 9:27 AM AKASHI Takahiro

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On Wed, Aug 04, 2021 at 12:20:01PM -0700, Stefano

Stabellini

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CCing people working on Xen+VirtIO and IOREQs.

Not

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trimming

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the

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original

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email to let them read the full context.

My comments below are related to a potential Xen

implementation,

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not

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because it is the only implementation that

matters,

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but

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because it

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is

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the one I know best.

Please note that my proposal (and hence the

working

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prototype)[1]

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is based on Xen's virtio implementation (i.e.

IOREQ)

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and

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particularly

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EPAM's virtio-disk application (backend server).
It has been, I believe, well generalized but is

still

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a

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bit

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biased

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toward this original design.

So I hope you like my approach :)

[1] https://op-lists.linaro.org/pipermail/stratos-

dev/2021-

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August/000546.html

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Let me take this opportunity to explain a bit more

about

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my

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approach

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below.

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Also, please see this relevant email thread:
https://marc.info/?l=xen-

devel&m=162373754705233&w=2

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On Wed, 4 Aug 2021, Alex Bennée wrote:
Hi,

One of the goals of Project Stratos is to

enable

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hypervisor

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agnostic

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backends so we can enable as much re-use of

code

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as

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possible

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and

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avoid

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repeating ourselves. This is the flip side of

the

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front end

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where

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multiple front-end implementations are

required -

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one

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per OS,

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assuming

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you don't just want Linux guests. The

resultant

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guests

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are

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trivially

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movable between hypervisors modulo any

abstracted

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paravirt

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type

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interfaces.

In my original thumb nail sketch of a solution

I

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envisioned

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vhost-user

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daemons running in a broadly POSIX like

environment.

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The

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interface to

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the daemon is fairly simple requiring only

some

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mapped

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memory

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and some

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sort of signalling for events (on Linux this

is

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eventfd).

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The

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idea was a

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stub binary would be responsible for any

hypervisor

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specific

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setup and

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then launch a common binary to deal with the

actual

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virtqueue

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requests

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themselves.

Since that original sketch we've seen an

expansion

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in

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the

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sort

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of ways

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backends could be created. There is interest

in

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encapsulating

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backends

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in RTOSes or unikernels for solutions like

SCMI.

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There

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interest

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in Rust

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has prompted ideas of using the trait

interface to

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abstract

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differences

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away as well as the idea of bare-metal Rust

backends.

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We have a card (STR-12) called "Hypercall

Standardisation"

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which

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calls for a description of the APIs needed

from

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the

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hypervisor

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side to

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support VirtIO guests and their backends.

However

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we

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are

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some

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way off

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from that at the moment as I think we need to

at

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least

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demonstrate one

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portable backend before we start codifying

requirements. To

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that

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end I

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want to think about what we need for a backend

to

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function.

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Configuration
=============

In the type-2 setup this is typically fairly

simple

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because

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the

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host

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system can orchestrate the various modules

that

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make

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up the

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complete

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system. In the type-1 case (or even type-2

with

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delegated

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service VMs)

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we need some sort of mechanism to inform the

backend

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VM

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about

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key

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details about the system:

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- where virt queue memory is in it's address

space

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- how it's going to receive (interrupt) and

trigger

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(kick)

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events

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- what (if any) resources the backend needs

to

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connect to

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Obviously you can elide over configuration

issues

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by

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having

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static

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configurations and baking the assumptions into

your

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guest

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images

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however

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this isn't scalable in the long term. The

obvious

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solution

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seems

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to be

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extending a subset of Device Tree data to user

space

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but

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perhaps

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there

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are other approaches?

Before any virtio transactions can take place

the

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appropriate

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memory

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mappings need to be made between the FE guest

and

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the

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BE

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guest.

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Currently the whole of the FE guests address

space

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needs to

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be

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visible

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to whatever is serving the virtio requests. I

can

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envision 3

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approaches:

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* BE guest boots with memory already mapped

This would entail the guest OS knowing where

in

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it's

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Guest

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Physical

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Address space is already taken up and

avoiding

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clashing. I

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would assume

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in this case you would want a standard

interface

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to

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userspace

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to then

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make that address space visible to the

backend

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daemon.

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Yet another way here is that we would have well

known

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"shared

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memory" between

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VMs. I think that Jailhouse's ivshmem gives us

good

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insights on

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this

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matter

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and that it can even be an alternative for

hypervisor-

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agnostic

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solution.

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(Please note memory regions in ivshmem appear as a

PCI

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device

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and

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can be

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mapped locally.)

I want to add this shared memory aspect to my

virtio-

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proxy,

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but

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the resultant solution would eventually look

similar

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to

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ivshmem.

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* BE guests boots with a hypervisor handle to

memory

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The BE guest is then free to map the FE's

memory

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to

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where

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it

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wants in

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the BE's guest physical address space.

I cannot see how this could work for Xen. There

is

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no

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"handle"

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to

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give

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to the backend if the backend is not running in

dom0.

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So

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for

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Xen I

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think

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the memory has to be already mapped

In Xen's IOREQ solution (virtio-blk), the

following

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information

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is

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expected

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to be exposed to BE via Xenstore:
(I know that this is a tentative approach though.)
- the start address of configuration space
- interrupt number
- file path for backing storage
- read-only flag
And the BE server have to call a particular

hypervisor

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interface

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to

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map the configuration space.

Yes, Xenstore was chosen as a simple way to pass

configuration

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info to

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the backend running in a non-toolstack domain.

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I remember, there was a wish to avoid using Xenstore

in

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Virtio

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backend

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itself if possible, so for non-toolstack domain, this

could

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done

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with

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adjusting devd (daemon that listens for devices and

launches

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backends)

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to read backend configuration from the Xenstore

anyway

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and

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pass it

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to

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the backend via command line arguments.

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Yes, in current PoC code we're using xenstore to pass

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device

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configuration.

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We also designed a static device configuration parse

method

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for

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Dom0less

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or

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other scenarios don't have xentool. yes, it's from

device

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model

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command

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line

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or a config file.

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But, if ...

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In my approach (virtio-proxy), all those Xen (or

hypervisor)-

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specific

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stuffs are contained in virtio-proxy, yet another

VM,

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to

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hide

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all

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details.

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... the solution how to overcome that is already

found

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and

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proven

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to

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work then even better.

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# My point is that a "handle" is not mandatory for

executing

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mapping.

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and the mapping probably done by the
toolstack (also see below.) Or we would have to

invent a

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new

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Xen

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hypervisor interface and Xen virtual machine

privileges

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to

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allow

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this

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kind of mapping.

If we run the backend in Dom0 that we have no

problems

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of

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course.

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One of difficulties on Xen that I found in my

approach

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is

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that

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calling

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such hypervisor intefaces (registering IOREQ,

mapping

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memory) is

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only

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allowed on BE servers themselvies and so we will

have

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to

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extend

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558 lines not shown · raw message

Part of this message is not shown here. View the raw message.

#24 lore raw

Hi Akashi, Oleksandr,

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-----Original Message-----
From: Xen-devel <[email protected]> On Behalf Of Wei Chen
Sent: 2021年9月2日 9:31
To: AKASHI Takahiro <[email protected]>
Cc: Oleksandr Tyshchenko <[email protected]>; Stefano Stabellini <[email protected]>; Alex Benn??e <[email protected]>; Kaly Xin <[email protected]>; Stratos Mailing List <[email protected]>; [email protected]; Arnd Bergmann <[email protected]>; Viresh Kumar <[email protected]>; Stefano Stabellini <[email protected]>; [email protected]; Jan Kiszka <[email protected]>; Carl van Schaik <[email protected]>; [email protected]; Srivatsa Vaddagiri <[email protected]>; Jean- Philippe Brucker <[email protected]>; Mathieu Poirier <[email protected]>; Oleksandr Tyshchenko <[email protected]>; Bertrand Marquis <[email protected]>; Artem Mygaiev <[email protected]>; Julien Grall <[email protected]>; Juergen Gross <[email protected]>; Paul Durrant <[email protected]>; nd <[email protected]>; Xen Devel <[email protected]>
Subject: RE: Enabling hypervisor agnosticism for VirtIO backends

Hi Akashi,

Quoted 6 lines

-----Original Message-----
From: AKASHI Takahiro <[email protected]>
Sent: 2021年9月1日 20:29
To: Wei Chen <[email protected]>
Cc: Oleksandr Tyshchenko <[email protected]>; Stefano Stabellini <[email protected]>; Alex Benn??e <[email protected]>; Kaly

Xin

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<[email protected]>; Stratos Mailing List <stratos-dev@op-

lists.linaro.org>;

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[email protected]; Arnd Bergmann

<[email protected]>;

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Viresh Kumar <[email protected]>; Stefano Stabellini <[email protected]>; [email protected]; Jan Kiszka <[email protected]>; Carl van Schaik <[email protected]>; [email protected]; Srivatsa Vaddagiri <[email protected]>; Jean- Philippe Brucker <[email protected]>; Mathieu Poirier <[email protected]>; Oleksandr Tyshchenko <[email protected]>; Bertrand Marquis <[email protected]>; Artem Mygaiev <[email protected]>;

Julien

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Grall <[email protected]>; Juergen Gross <[email protected]>; Paul Durrant <[email protected]>; nd <[email protected]>; Xen Devel <[email protected]>
Subject: Re: Enabling hypervisor agnosticism for VirtIO backends

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Hi Wei,

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Hi Akashi,

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-----Original Message-----
From: AKASHI Takahiro <[email protected]>
Sent: 2021年8月31日 14:18
To: Wei Chen <[email protected]>
Cc: Oleksandr Tyshchenko <[email protected]>; Stefano Stabellini <[email protected]>; Alex Benn??e <[email protected]>;

Kaly

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Xin

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<[email protected]>; Stratos Mailing List <stratos-dev@op-

lists.linaro.org>;

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[email protected]; Arnd Bergmann

<[email protected]>;

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Viresh Kumar <[email protected]>; Stefano Stabellini <[email protected]>; [email protected]; Jan Kiszka <[email protected]>; Carl van Schaik

<[email protected]>;

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[email protected]; Srivatsa Vaddagiri <[email protected]>;

Jean-

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Philippe Brucker <[email protected]>; Mathieu Poirier <[email protected]>; Oleksandr Tyshchenko <[email protected]>; Bertrand Marquis <[email protected]>; Artem Mygaiev <[email protected]>;

Julien

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Grall <[email protected]>; Juergen Gross <[email protected]>; Paul

Durrant

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<[email protected]>; Xen Devel <[email protected]>
Subject: Re: Enabling hypervisor agnosticism for VirtIO backends

Wei,

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Quoted 8 lines · Wei Chen
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Hi Akashi,

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-----Original Message-----
From: AKASHI Takahiro <[email protected]>
Sent: 2021年8月26日 17:41
To: Wei Chen <[email protected]>
Cc: Oleksandr Tyshchenko <[email protected]>; Stefano

Stabellini

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<[email protected]>; Alex Benn??e <[email protected]>;

Kaly

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Xin

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<[email protected]>; Stratos Mailing List <stratos-dev@op-

lists.linaro.org>;

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[email protected]; Arnd Bergmann

<[email protected]>;

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Viresh Kumar <[email protected]>; Stefano Stabellini <[email protected]>; [email protected]; Jan Kiszka <[email protected]>; Carl van Schaik

<[email protected]>;

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[email protected]; Srivatsa Vaddagiri <[email protected]>;

Jean-

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Philippe Brucker <[email protected]>; Mathieu Poirier <[email protected]>; Oleksandr Tyshchenko <[email protected]>; Bertrand Marquis <[email protected]>; Artem Mygaiev

<[email protected]>;

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Julien

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Grall <[email protected]>; Juergen Gross <[email protected]>; Paul

Durrant

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<[email protected]>; Xen Devel <[email protected]>
Subject: Re: Enabling hypervisor agnosticism for VirtIO backends

Hi Wei,

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Quoted 2 lines · Wei Chen

Hi Akashi,

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-----Original Message-----
From: AKASHI Takahiro <[email protected]>
Sent: 2021年8月18日 13:39
To: Wei Chen <[email protected]>
Cc: Oleksandr Tyshchenko <[email protected]>; Stefano

Stabellini

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<[email protected]>; Alex Benn??e

<[email protected]>;

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Stratos

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Mailing List <[email protected]>; virtio-

[email protected]

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open.org; Arnd Bergmann <[email protected]>; Viresh

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Kumar

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<[email protected]>; Stefano Stabellini <[email protected]>; [email protected]; Jan

Kiszka

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<[email protected]>; Carl van Schaik

<[email protected]>;

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[email protected]; Srivatsa Vaddagiri

<[email protected]>;

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Jean-

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Philippe Brucker <[email protected]>; Mathieu

Poirier

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<[email protected]>; Oleksandr Tyshchenko <[email protected]>; Bertrand Marquis <[email protected]>; Artem Mygaiev

<[email protected]>;

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Julien

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Grall <[email protected]>; Juergen Gross <[email protected]>;

Paul

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Durrant

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<[email protected]>; Xen Devel <[email protected]>
Subject: Re: Enabling hypervisor agnosticism for VirtIO

backends

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Hi Akashi,

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-----Original Message-----
From: AKASHI Takahiro <[email protected]>
Sent: 2021年8月17日 16:08
To: Wei Chen <[email protected]>
Cc: Oleksandr Tyshchenko <[email protected]>;

Stefano

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Stabellini

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<[email protected]>; Alex Benn??e

<[email protected]>;

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Stratos

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Mailing List <[email protected]>;

virtio-

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[email protected]

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open.org; Arnd Bergmann <[email protected]>;

Viresh

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Kumar

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<[email protected]>; Stefano Stabellini <[email protected]>; [email protected];

Jan

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Kiszka

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<[email protected]>; Carl van Schaik

<[email protected]>;

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[email protected]; Srivatsa Vaddagiri

<[email protected]>;

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Jean-

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Philippe Brucker <[email protected]>; Mathieu

Poirier

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<[email protected]>; Oleksandr Tyshchenko <[email protected]>; Bertrand Marquis <[email protected]>; Artem Mygaiev

<[email protected]>;

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Julien

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Grall <[email protected]>; Juergen Gross

<[email protected]>;

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Paul

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Durrant

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<[email protected]>; Xen Devel <[email protected]>
Subject: Re: Enabling hypervisor agnosticism for

VirtIO

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backends

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Hi Wei, Oleksandr,

On Mon, Aug 16, 2021 at 10:04:03AM +0000, Wei Chen

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Hi All,

Thanks for Stefano to link my kvmtool for Xen

proposal

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here.

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This proposal is still discussing in Xen and KVM

communities.

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The main work is to decouple the kvmtool from KVM

and

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make

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other hypervisors can reuse the virtual device

implementations.

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In this case, we need to introduce an intermediate

hypervisor

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layer for VMM abstraction, Which is, I think it's

very

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close

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to stratos' virtio hypervisor agnosticism work.

# My proposal[1] comes from my own idea and doesn't

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always

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represent

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# Linaro's view on this subject nor reflect Alex's

concerns.

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Nevertheless,

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Your idea and my proposal seem to share the same

background.

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Both have the similar goal and currently start with,

at

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first,

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Xen

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and are based on kvm-tool. (Actually, my work is

derived

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from

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EPAM's virtio-disk, which is also based on kvm-tool.)

In particular, the abstraction of hypervisor

interfaces

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has

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a

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same

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set of interfaces (for your "struct vmm_impl" and my

"RPC

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interfaces").

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This is not co-incident as we both share the same

origin

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as

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I

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said

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above.

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And so we will also share the same issues. One of them

is a

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way

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of

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"sharing/mapping FE's memory". There is some trade-off

between

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the portability and the performance impact. So we can discuss the topic here in this ML, too. (See Alex's original email, too).

Yes, I agree.

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On the other hand, my approach aims to create a

"single-

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binary"

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solution

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in which the same binary of BE vm could run on any

hypervisors.

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Somehow similar to your "proposal-#2" in [2], but in

my

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solution,

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all

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the hypervisor-specific code would be put into another

entity

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(VM),

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named "virtio-proxy" and the abstracted operations are

served

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via RPC.

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(In this sense, BE is hypervisor-agnostic but might

have

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OS

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dependency.)

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But I know that we need discuss if this is a

requirement

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even

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in Stratos project or not. (Maybe not)

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Sorry, I haven't had time to finish reading your virtio-

proxy

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completely

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(I will do it ASAP). But from your description, it seems

we

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need a

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3rd VM between FE and BE? My concern is that, if my

assumption

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is

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right,

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will it increase the latency in data transport path?

Even

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if

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we're

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using some lightweight guest like RTOS or Unikernel,

Yes, you're right. But I'm afraid that it is a matter of

degree.

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As far as we execute 'mapping' operations at every fetch

of

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payload,

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we will see latency issue (even in your case) and if we

have

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some

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solution

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for it, we won't see it neither in my proposal :)

Oleksandr has sent a proposal to Xen mailing list to reduce

this

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kind

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of "mapping/unmapping" operations. So the latency caused by

this

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behavior

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on Xen may eventually be eliminated, and Linux-KVM doesn't

have

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that

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problem.

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Obviously, I have not yet caught up there in the discussion. Which patch specifically?

Can you give me the link to the discussion or patch, please?

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It's a RFC discussion. We have tested this RFC patch internally.
https://lists.xenproject.org/archives/html/xen-devel/2021-

07/msg01532.html

I'm afraid that I miss something here, but I don't know why this proposed API will lead to eliminating 'mmap' in accessing the queued payload at every request?

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This API give Xen device model (QEMU or kvmtool) the ability to map whole guest RAM in device model's address space. In this case, device model doesn't need dynamic hypercall to map/unmap payload memory. It can use a flat offset to access payload memory in its address space directly. Just Like KVM device model does now.

Thank you. Quickly, let me make sure one thing:
This API itself doesn't do any mapping operations, right? So I suppose that virtio BE guest is responsible to
1) fetch the information about all the memory regions in FE,
2) call this API to allocate a big chunk of unused space in BE,
3) create grant/foreign mappings for FE onto this region(S) in the initialization/configuration of emulated virtio devices.

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Is this the way this API is expected to be used?
Does Xen already has an interface for (1)?

They are discussing in that thread to find a proper way to do it. Because this API is common, both x86 and Arm should be considered.

Please ignore my above reply. I hadn't seen Oleksandr had replied this question. Sorry about it!

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-Takahiro Akashi

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Before this API, When device model to map whole guest memory, will severely consume the physical pages of Dom-0/Dom-D.

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-Takahiro Akashi

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Thanks,
-Takahiro Akashi

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-Takahiro Akashi

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Specifically speaking about kvm-tool, I have a concern

about

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its

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license term; Targeting different hypervisors and

different

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OSs

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(which I assume includes RTOS's), the resultant

library

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should

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be

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license permissive and GPL for kvm-tool might be an

issue.

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Any thoughts?

Yes. If user want to implement a FreeBSD device model,

but

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the

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virtio

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library is GPL. Then GPL would be a problem. If we have

another

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good

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candidate, I am open to it.

I have some candidates, particularly for vq/vring, in my

mind:

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* Open-AMP, or
* corresponding Free-BSD code

Interesting, I will look into them : )

Cheers,
Wei Chen

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-Takahiro Akashi

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-Takahiro Akashi

[1] https://op-lists.linaro.org/pipermail/stratos-

dev/2021-

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August/000548.html
[2] https://marc.info/?l=xen-

devel&m=162373754705233&w=2

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From: Oleksandr Tyshchenko <[email protected]>
Sent: 2021年8月14日 23:38
To: AKASHI Takahiro <[email protected]>;

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Stefano

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Stabellini

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<[email protected]>

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Cc: Alex Benn??e <[email protected]>; Stratos

Mailing

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List

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<[email protected]>; virtio-

[email protected]

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open.org;

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Arnd

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Bergmann <[email protected]>; Viresh Kumar <[email protected]>; Stefano Stabellini <[email protected]>; [email protected];

Jan

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Kiszka

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<[email protected]>; Carl van Schaik

<[email protected]>;

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[email protected]; Srivatsa Vaddagiri

<[email protected]>;

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Jean-

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Philippe Brucker <[email protected]>; Mathieu

Poirier

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<[email protected]>; Wei Chen

<[email protected]>;

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Oleksandr

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Tyshchenko <[email protected]>; Bertrand

Marquis

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<[email protected]>; Artem Mygaiev

<[email protected]>;

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Julien

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Grall <[email protected]>; Juergen Gross

<[email protected]>;

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Paul

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Durrant

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<[email protected]>; Xen Devel <[email protected]>

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Subject: Re: Enabling hypervisor agnosticism for

VirtIO

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backends

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Hello, all.

Please see some comments below. And sorry for the

possible

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format

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issues.

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On Wed, Aug 11, 2021 at 9:27 AM AKASHI Takahiro

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On Wed, Aug 04, 2021 at 12:20:01PM -0700,

Stefano

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Stabellini

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CCing people working on Xen+VirtIO and IOREQs.

Not

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trimming

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the

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original

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email to let them read the full context.

My comments below are related to a potential

Xen

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implementation,

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not

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because it is the only implementation that

matters,

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but

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because it

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is

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the one I know best.

Please note that my proposal (and hence the

working

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prototype)[1]

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is based on Xen's virtio implementation (i.e.

IOREQ)

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and

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particularly

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EPAM's virtio-disk application (backend server).
It has been, I believe, well generalized but is

still

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a

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bit

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biased

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toward this original design.

So I hope you like my approach :)

[1] https://op-

lists.linaro.org/pipermail/stratos-

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dev/2021-

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August/000546.html

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Let me take this opportunity to explain a bit

more

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about

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my

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approach

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below.

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Also, please see this relevant email thread:
https://marc.info/?l=xen-

devel&m=162373754705233&w=2

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On Wed, 4 Aug 2021, Alex Bennée wrote:

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Hi,

One of the goals of Project Stratos is to

enable

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hypervisor

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agnostic

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backends so we can enable as much re-use of

code

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as

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possible

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and

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avoid

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repeating ourselves. This is the flip side

of

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the

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front end

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where

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multiple front-end implementations are

required -

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one

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per OS,

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assuming

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you don't just want Linux guests. The

resultant

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guests

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are

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trivially

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movable between hypervisors modulo any

abstracted

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paravirt

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type

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interfaces.

In my original thumb nail sketch of a

solution

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I

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envisioned

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vhost-user

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daemons running in a broadly POSIX like

environment.

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The

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interface to

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the daemon is fairly simple requiring only

some

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mapped

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memory

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and some

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sort of signalling for events (on Linux this

is

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eventfd).

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The

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idea was a

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stub binary would be responsible for any

hypervisor

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specific

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setup and

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then launch a common binary to deal with the

actual

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virtqueue

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requests

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themselves.

Since that original sketch we've seen an

expansion

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in

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the

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sort

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of ways

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backends could be created. There is interest

in

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encapsulating

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backends

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in RTOSes or unikernels for solutions like

SCMI.

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There

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interest

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in Rust

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has prompted ideas of using the trait

interface to

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abstract

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differences

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away as well as the idea of bare-metal Rust

backends.

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We have a card (STR-12) called "Hypercall

Standardisation"

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which

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calls for a description of the APIs needed

from

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the

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hypervisor

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side to

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support VirtIO guests and their backends.

However

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we

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are

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some

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way off

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from that at the moment as I think we need

to

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at

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least

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demonstrate one

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portable backend before we start codifying

requirements. To

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that

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end I

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want to think about what we need for a

backend

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to

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function.

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Configuration
=============

In the type-2 setup this is typically fairly

simple

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because

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the

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host

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system can orchestrate the various modules

that

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make

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up the

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complete

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system. In the type-1 case (or even type-2

with

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delegated

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service VMs)

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we need some sort of mechanism to inform the

backend

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VM

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about

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key

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details about the system:

- where virt queue memory is in it's

address

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space

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- how it's going to receive (interrupt)

and

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trigger

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(kick)

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events

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- what (if any) resources the backend

needs

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to

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connect to

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Obviously you can elide over configuration

issues

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by

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having

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static

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configurations and baking the assumptions

into

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your

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guest

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images

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however

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this isn't scalable in the long term. The

obvious

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solution

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seems

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to be

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extending a subset of Device Tree data to

user

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space

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but

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perhaps

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there

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are other approaches?

Before any virtio transactions can take

place

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the

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appropriate

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memory

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mappings need to be made between the FE

guest

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and

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the

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BE

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guest.

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Currently the whole of the FE guests address

space

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needs to

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be

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visible

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to whatever is serving the virtio requests.

I

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can

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envision 3

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approaches:

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* BE guest boots with memory already mapped

This would entail the guest OS knowing

where

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in

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it's

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Guest

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Physical

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Address space is already taken up and

avoiding

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clashing. I

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would assume

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in this case you would want a standard

interface

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to

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userspace

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to then

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make that address space visible to the

backend

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daemon.

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Yet another way here is that we would have well

known

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"shared

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memory" between

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VMs. I think that Jailhouse's ivshmem gives us

good

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insights on

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this

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matter

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and that it can even be an alternative for

hypervisor-

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agnostic

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solution.

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(Please note memory regions in ivshmem appear as

a

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PCI

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device

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and

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can be

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mapped locally.)

I want to add this shared memory aspect to my

virtio-

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proxy,

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but

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the resultant solution would eventually look

similar

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to

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ivshmem.

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* BE guests boots with a hypervisor handle

to

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memory

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The BE guest is then free to map the FE's

memory

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to

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where

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it

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wants in

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the BE's guest physical address space.

I cannot see how this could work for Xen.

There

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is

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no

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"handle"

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to

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give

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to the backend if the backend is not running

in

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dom0.

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So

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for

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Xen I

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think

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the memory has to be already mapped

In Xen's IOREQ solution (virtio-blk), the

following

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information

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is

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expected

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to be exposed to BE via Xenstore:
(I know that this is a tentative approach

though.)

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- the start address of configuration space
- interrupt number
- file path for backing storage
- read-only flag
And the BE server have to call a particular

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hypervisor

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interface

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to

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map the configuration space.

Yes, Xenstore was chosen as a simple way to pass

configuration

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info to

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the backend running in a non-toolstack domain.

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I remember, there was a wish to avoid using

Xenstore

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in

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Virtio

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backend

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itself if possible, so for non-toolstack domain, this

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could

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done

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with

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adjusting devd (daemon that listens for devices and

launches

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backends)

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to read backend configuration from the Xenstore

anyway

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and

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pass it

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to

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the backend via command line arguments.

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Yes, in current PoC code we're using xenstore to

pass

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device

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configuration.

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We also designed a static device configuration parse

method

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for

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Dom0less

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or

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other scenarios don't have xentool. yes, it's from

device

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model

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#26 lore raw

I top post as I find it difficult to identify where to make the comments.

1) BE acceleration
Network and storage backends may actually be executed in SmartNICs. As virtio 1.1 is hardware friendly, there may be SmartNICs with virtio 1.1 PCI VFs. Is it a valid use case for the generic BE framework to be used in this context?
DPDK is used in some BE to significantly accelerate switching. DPDK is also used sometimes in guests. In that case, there are no event injection but just high performance memory scheme. Is this considered as a use case?

2) Virtio as OS HAL
Panasonic CTO has been calling for a virtio based HAL and based on the teachings of Google GKI, an internal HAL seem inevitable in the long term. Virtio is then a contender to Google promoted Android HAL. Could the framework be used in that context?

Quoted 289 lines · AKASHI Takahiro via Stratos-dev
Quoted 6 lines · Stefano Stabellini

CCing people working on Xen+VirtIO and IOREQs. Not trimming the original email to let them read the full context.

My comments below are related to a potential Xen implementation, not because it is the only implementation that matters, but because it is the one I know best.

Please note that my proposal (and hence the working prototype)[1] is based on Xen's virtio implementation (i.e. IOREQ) and particularly EPAM's virtio-disk application (backend server).
It has been, I believe, well generalized but is still a bit biased toward this original design.

So I hope you like my approach :)

[1]
https://op-lists.linaro.org/pipermail/stratos-dev/2021-August/000546.html

Let me take this opportunity to explain a bit more about my approach below.

Quoted 4 lines

Also, please see this relevant email thread:
https://marc.info/?l=xen-devel&m=162373754705233&w=2

Quoted 15 lines
Quoted 14 lines · Alex Bennée

Hi,

One of the goals of Project Stratos is to enable hypervisor agnostic backends so we can enable as much re-use of code as possible and avoid repeating ourselves. This is the flip side of the front end where multiple front-end implementations are required - one per OS, assuming you don't just want Linux guests. The resultant guests are trivially movable between hypervisors modulo any abstracted paravirt type interfaces.

In my original thumb nail sketch of a solution I envisioned vhost-user daemons running in a broadly POSIX like environment. The interface to the daemon is fairly simple requiring only some mapped memory and some sort of signalling for events (on Linux this is eventfd). The idea was

a

Quoted 26 lines
Quoted 26 lines

stub binary would be responsible for any hypervisor specific setup and then launch a common binary to deal with the actual virtqueue requests themselves.

Since that original sketch we've seen an expansion in the sort of ways backends could be created. There is interest in encapsulating backends in RTOSes or unikernels for solutions like SCMI. There interest in Rust has prompted ideas of using the trait interface to abstract differences away as well as the idea of bare-metal Rust backends.

We have a card (STR-12) called "Hypercall Standardisation" which calls for a description of the APIs needed from the hypervisor side to support VirtIO guests and their backends. However we are some way off from that at the moment as I think we need to at least demonstrate one portable backend before we start codifying requirements. To that end I want to think about what we need for a backend to function.

Configuration
=============

In the type-2 setup this is typically fairly simple because the host system can orchestrate the various modules that make up the complete system. In the type-1 case (or even type-2 with delegated service VMs) we need some sort of mechanism to inform the backend VM about key details about the system:

Quoted 6 lines
Quoted 6 lines

- where virt queue memory is in it's address space
- how it's going to receive (interrupt) and trigger (kick) events
- what (if any) resources the backend needs to connect to

Obviously you can elide over configuration issues by having static configurations and baking the assumptions into your guest images

however

Quoted 9 lines
Quoted 9 lines

this isn't scalable in the long term. The obvious solution seems to be extending a subset of Device Tree data to user space but perhaps there are other approaches?

Before any virtio transactions can take place the appropriate memory mappings need to be made between the FE guest and the BE guest.

Currently the whole of the FE guests address space needs to be visible to whatever is serving the virtio requests. I can envision 3

approaches:

Quoted 5 lines
Quoted 5 lines

* BE guest boots with memory already mapped

This would entail the guest OS knowing where in it's Guest Physical Address space is already taken up and avoiding clashing. I would

assume

Quoted 2 lines
Quoted 2 lines

in this case you would want a standard interface to userspace to then make that address space visible to the backend daemon.

Yet another way here is that we would have well known "shared memory" between
VMs. I think that Jailhouse's ivshmem gives us good insights on this matter and that it can even be an alternative for hypervisor-agnostic solution.

(Please note memory regions in ivshmem appear as a PCI device and can be mapped locally.)

I want to add this shared memory aspect to my virtio-proxy, but the resultant solution would eventually look similar to ivshmem.

Quoted 8 lines
Quoted 4 lines

* BE guests boots with a hypervisor handle to memory

The BE guest is then free to map the FE's memory to where it wants in the BE's guest physical address space.

I cannot see how this could work for Xen. There is no "handle" to give to the backend if the backend is not running in dom0. So for Xen I think the memory has to be already mapped

In Xen's IOREQ solution (virtio-blk), the following information is expected to be exposed to BE via Xenstore:
(I know that this is a tentative approach though.)
- the start address of configuration space
- interrupt number
- file path for backing storage
- read-only flag
And the BE server have to call a particular hypervisor interface to map the configuration space.

In my approach (virtio-proxy), all those Xen (or hypervisor)-specific stuffs are contained in virtio-proxy, yet another VM, to hide all details.

# My point is that a "handle" is not mandatory for executing mapping.

Quoted 6 lines

and the mapping probably done by the
toolstack (also see below.) Or we would have to invent a new Xen hypervisor interface and Xen virtual machine privileges to allow this kind of mapping.

If we run the backend in Dom0 that we have no problems of course.

One of difficulties on Xen that I found in my approach is that calling such hypervisor intefaces (registering IOREQ, mapping memory) is only allowed on BE servers themselvies and so we will have to extend those interfaces.
This, however, will raise some concern on security and privilege distribution
as Stefan suggested.

Quoted 4 lines
Quoted 4 lines

To activate the mapping will
require some sort of hypercall to the hypervisor. I can see two

options

Quoted 38 lines
Quoted 19 lines

at this point:

- expose the handle to userspace for daemon/helper to trigger the mapping via existing hypercall interfaces. If using a helper you would have a hypervisor specific one to avoid the daemon having to care too much about the details or push that complexity into a compile time option for the daemon which would result in different binaries although a common source base.

- expose a new kernel ABI to abstract the hypercall differences away in the guest kernel. In this case the userspace would essentially ask for an abstract "map guest N memory to userspace ptr" and let the kernel deal with the different hypercall interfaces. This of course assumes the majority of BE guests would be Linux kernels and leaves the bare-metal/unikernel approaches to their own devices.

Operation
=========

Quoted 11 lines

The core of the operation of VirtIO is fairly simple. Once the vhost-user feature negotiation is done it's a case of receiving update events and parsing the resultant virt queue for data. The vhost-user specification handles a bunch of setup before that point, mostly to detail where the virt queues are set up FD's for memory and event communication. This is where the envisioned stub process would be responsible for getting the daemon up and ready to run. This is currently done inside a big VMM like QEMU but I suspect a modern approach would be to use the rust-vmm vhost crate. It would then either communicate with the kernel's abstracted ABI or be re-targeted as a build option for the various hypervisors.

One thing I mentioned before to Alex is that Xen doesn't have VMMs the way they are typically envisioned and described in other environments. Instead, Xen has IOREQ servers. Each of them connects independently to Xen via the IOREQ interface. E.g. today multiple QEMUs could be used as emulators for a single Xen VM, each of them connecting to Xen independently via the IOREQ interface.

Quoted 3 lines

The component responsible for starting a daemon and/or setting up shared interfaces is the toolstack: the xl command and the libxl/libxc libraries.

I think that VM configuration management (or orchestration in Startos jargon?) is a subject to debate in parallel.
Otherwise, is there any good assumption to avoid it right now?

Quoted 7 lines

Oleksandr and others I CCed have been working on ways for the toolstack to create virtio backends and setup memory mappings. They might be able to provide more info on the subject. I do think we miss a way to provide the configuration to the backend and anything else that the backend might require to start doing its job.

Quoted 8 lines
Quoted 5 lines

One question is how to best handle notification and kicks. The existing vhost-user framework uses eventfd to signal the daemon (although QEMU is quite capable of simulating them when you use TCG). Xen has it's own IOREQ mechanism. However latency is an important factor and having events go through the stub would add quite a lot.

Yeah I think, regardless of anything else, we want the backends to connect directly to the Xen hypervisor.

In my approach,
a) BE -> FE: interrupts triggered by BE calling a hypervisor interface via virtio-proxy
b) FE -> BE: MMIO to config raises events (in event channels), which is converted to a callback to BE via virtio-proxy (Xen's event channel is internnally implemented by
interrupts.)

I don't know what "connect directly" means here, but sending interrupts to the opposite side would be best efficient.
Ivshmem, I suppose, takes this approach by utilizing PCI's msi-x mechanism.

Quoted 3 lines
Quoted 3 lines

Could we consider the kernel internally converting IOREQ messages from the Xen hypervisor to eventfd events? Would this scale with other

kernel

Quoted 7 lines
Quoted 3 lines

hypercall interfaces?

So any thoughts on what directions are worth experimenting with?

One option we should consider is for each backend to connect to Xen via the IOREQ interface. We could generalize the IOREQ interface and make it hypervisor agnostic. The interface is really trivial and easy to add.

As I said above, my proposal does the same thing that you mentioned here :) The difference is that I do call hypervisor interfaces via virtio-proxy.

Quoted 4 lines

The only Xen-specific part is the notification mechanism, which is an event channel. If we replaced the event channel with something else the interface would be generic. See:

https://gitlab.com/xen-project/xen/-/blob/staging/xen/include/public/hvm/ioreq.h#L52

Quoted 4 lines

I don't think that translating IOREQs to eventfd in the kernel is a good idea: if feels like it would be extra complexity and that the kernel shouldn't be involved as this is a backend-hypervisor interface.

Given that we may want to implement BE as a bare-metal application as I did on Zephyr, I don't think that the translation would not be a big issue, especially on RTOS's.
It will be some kind of abstraction layer of interrupt handling (or nothing but a callback mechanism).

Quoted 8 lines

Also, eventfd is very Linux-centric and we are trying to design an interface that could work well for RTOSes too. If we want to do something different, both OS-agnostic and hypervisor-agnostic, perhaps we could design a new interface. One that could be implementable in the Xen hypervisor itself (like IOREQ) and of course any other hypervisor too.

Quoted 6 lines

There is also another problem. IOREQ is probably not be the only interface needed. Have a look at
https://marc.info/?l=xen-devel&m=162373754705233&w=2. Don't we also need an interface for the backend to inject interrupts into the frontend? And if the backend requires dynamic memory mappings of frontend pages, then we would also need an interface to map/unmap domU pages.

My proposal document might help here; All the interfaces required for virtio-proxy (or hypervisor-related interfaces) are listed as RPC protocols :)

Quoted 4 lines

These interfaces are a lot more problematic than IOREQ: IOREQ is tiny and self-contained. It is easy to add anywhere. A new interface to inject interrupts or map pages is more difficult to manage because it would require changes scattered across the various emulators.

Exactly. I have no confident yet that my approach will also apply to other hypervisors than Xen.
Technically, yes, but whether people can accept it or not is a different matter.

Thanks,
-Takahiro Akashi

--
Stratos-dev mailing list
[email protected]
https://op-lists.linaro.org/mailman/listinfo/stratos-dev

Signature · 3 lines
François-Frédéric Ozog | *Director Business Development*
T: +33.67221.6485
[email protected] | Skype: ffozog
#27 lore raw

Hi François,

Quoted 1 line · Fran??ois Ozog

I top post as I find it difficult to identify where to make the comments.

Thank you for the posting.
I think that we should first discuss more about the goal/requirements/ practical use cases for the framework.

Quoted 8 lines

1) BE acceleration
Network and storage backends may actually be executed in SmartNICs. As virtio 1.1 is hardware friendly, there may be SmartNICs with virtio 1.1 PCI VFs. Is it a valid use case for the generic BE framework to be used in this context?
DPDK is used in some BE to significantly accelerate switching. DPDK is also used sometimes in guests. In that case, there are no event injection but just high performance memory scheme. Is this considered as a use case?

I'm not quite familiar with DPDK but it seems to be heavily reliant on not only virtqueues but also kvm/linux features/functionality, say, according to [1].
I'm afraid that DPDK is not suitable for primary (at least, initial) target use.
# In my proposal, virtio-proxy, I have in mind the assumption that we would

# create BE VM as a baremetal application on RTOS (and/or unikernel.)

But as far as virtqueue is concerned, I think we can discuss in general technical details as Alex suggested, including:
- sharing or mapping memory regions for data payload
- efficient notification mechanism

[1] https://www.redhat.com/en/blog/journey-vhost-users-realm

Quoted 5 lines

2) Virtio as OS HAL
Panasonic CTO has been calling for a virtio based HAL and based on the teachings of Google GKI, an internal HAL seem inevitable in the long term. Virtio is then a contender to Google promoted Android HAL. Could the framework be used in that context?

In this case, where will the implementation of "HAL" reside? I don't think the portability of "HAL" code (as a set of virtio BEs) is a requirement here.

-Takahiro Akashi

Quoted 298 lines
Quoted 289 lines · AKASHI Takahiro via Stratos-dev
Quoted 6 lines · Stefano Stabellini

CCing people working on Xen+VirtIO and IOREQs. Not trimming the original email to let them read the full context.

My comments below are related to a potential Xen implementation, not because it is the only implementation that matters, but because it is the one I know best.

Please note that my proposal (and hence the working prototype)[1] is based on Xen's virtio implementation (i.e. IOREQ) and particularly EPAM's virtio-disk application (backend server).
It has been, I believe, well generalized but is still a bit biased toward this original design.

So I hope you like my approach :)

[1]
https://op-lists.linaro.org/pipermail/stratos-dev/2021-August/000546.html

Let me take this opportunity to explain a bit more about my approach below.

Quoted 4 lines

Also, please see this relevant email thread:
https://marc.info/?l=xen-devel&m=162373754705233&w=2

Quoted 15 lines
Quoted 14 lines · Alex Bennée

Hi,

One of the goals of Project Stratos is to enable hypervisor agnostic backends so we can enable as much re-use of code as possible and avoid repeating ourselves. This is the flip side of the front end where multiple front-end implementations are required - one per OS, assuming you don't just want Linux guests. The resultant guests are trivially movable between hypervisors modulo any abstracted paravirt type interfaces.

In my original thumb nail sketch of a solution I envisioned vhost-user daemons running in a broadly POSIX like environment. The interface to the daemon is fairly simple requiring only some mapped memory and some sort of signalling for events (on Linux this is eventfd). The idea was

a

Quoted 26 lines
Quoted 26 lines

stub binary would be responsible for any hypervisor specific setup and then launch a common binary to deal with the actual virtqueue requests themselves.

Since that original sketch we've seen an expansion in the sort of ways backends could be created. There is interest in encapsulating backends in RTOSes or unikernels for solutions like SCMI. There interest in Rust has prompted ideas of using the trait interface to abstract differences away as well as the idea of bare-metal Rust backends.

We have a card (STR-12) called "Hypercall Standardisation" which calls for a description of the APIs needed from the hypervisor side to support VirtIO guests and their backends. However we are some way off from that at the moment as I think we need to at least demonstrate one portable backend before we start codifying requirements. To that end I want to think about what we need for a backend to function.

Configuration
=============

In the type-2 setup this is typically fairly simple because the host system can orchestrate the various modules that make up the complete system. In the type-1 case (or even type-2 with delegated service VMs) we need some sort of mechanism to inform the backend VM about key details about the system:

Quoted 6 lines
Quoted 6 lines

- where virt queue memory is in it's address space
- how it's going to receive (interrupt) and trigger (kick) events
- what (if any) resources the backend needs to connect to

Obviously you can elide over configuration issues by having static configurations and baking the assumptions into your guest images

however

Quoted 9 lines
Quoted 9 lines

this isn't scalable in the long term. The obvious solution seems to be extending a subset of Device Tree data to user space but perhaps there are other approaches?

Before any virtio transactions can take place the appropriate memory mappings need to be made between the FE guest and the BE guest.

Currently the whole of the FE guests address space needs to be visible to whatever is serving the virtio requests. I can envision 3

approaches:

Quoted 5 lines
Quoted 5 lines

* BE guest boots with memory already mapped

This would entail the guest OS knowing where in it's Guest Physical Address space is already taken up and avoiding clashing. I would

assume

Quoted 2 lines
Quoted 2 lines

in this case you would want a standard interface to userspace to then make that address space visible to the backend daemon.

Yet another way here is that we would have well known "shared memory" between
VMs. I think that Jailhouse's ivshmem gives us good insights on this matter and that it can even be an alternative for hypervisor-agnostic solution.

(Please note memory regions in ivshmem appear as a PCI device and can be mapped locally.)

I want to add this shared memory aspect to my virtio-proxy, but the resultant solution would eventually look similar to ivshmem.

Quoted 8 lines
Quoted 4 lines

* BE guests boots with a hypervisor handle to memory

The BE guest is then free to map the FE's memory to where it wants in the BE's guest physical address space.

I cannot see how this could work for Xen. There is no "handle" to give to the backend if the backend is not running in dom0. So for Xen I think the memory has to be already mapped

In Xen's IOREQ solution (virtio-blk), the following information is expected to be exposed to BE via Xenstore:
(I know that this is a tentative approach though.)
- the start address of configuration space
- interrupt number
- file path for backing storage
- read-only flag
And the BE server have to call a particular hypervisor interface to map the configuration space.

In my approach (virtio-proxy), all those Xen (or hypervisor)-specific stuffs are contained in virtio-proxy, yet another VM, to hide all details.

# My point is that a "handle" is not mandatory for executing mapping.

Quoted 6 lines

and the mapping probably done by the
toolstack (also see below.) Or we would have to invent a new Xen hypervisor interface and Xen virtual machine privileges to allow this kind of mapping.

If we run the backend in Dom0 that we have no problems of course.

One of difficulties on Xen that I found in my approach is that calling such hypervisor intefaces (registering IOREQ, mapping memory) is only allowed on BE servers themselvies and so we will have to extend those interfaces.
This, however, will raise some concern on security and privilege distribution
as Stefan suggested.

Quoted 4 lines
Quoted 4 lines

To activate the mapping will
require some sort of hypercall to the hypervisor. I can see two

options

Quoted 38 lines
Quoted 19 lines

at this point:

- expose the handle to userspace for daemon/helper to trigger the mapping via existing hypercall interfaces. If using a helper you would have a hypervisor specific one to avoid the daemon having to care too much about the details or push that complexity into a compile time option for the daemon which would result in different binaries although a common source base.

- expose a new kernel ABI to abstract the hypercall differences away in the guest kernel. In this case the userspace would essentially ask for an abstract "map guest N memory to userspace ptr" and let the kernel deal with the different hypercall interfaces. This of course assumes the majority of BE guests would be Linux kernels and leaves the bare-metal/unikernel approaches to their own devices.

Operation
=========

Quoted 11 lines

The core of the operation of VirtIO is fairly simple. Once the vhost-user feature negotiation is done it's a case of receiving update events and parsing the resultant virt queue for data. The vhost-user specification handles a bunch of setup before that point, mostly to detail where the virt queues are set up FD's for memory and event communication. This is where the envisioned stub process would be responsible for getting the daemon up and ready to run. This is currently done inside a big VMM like QEMU but I suspect a modern approach would be to use the rust-vmm vhost crate. It would then either communicate with the kernel's abstracted ABI or be re-targeted as a build option for the various hypervisors.

One thing I mentioned before to Alex is that Xen doesn't have VMMs the way they are typically envisioned and described in other environments. Instead, Xen has IOREQ servers. Each of them connects independently to Xen via the IOREQ interface. E.g. today multiple QEMUs could be used as emulators for a single Xen VM, each of them connecting to Xen independently via the IOREQ interface.

Quoted 3 lines

The component responsible for starting a daemon and/or setting up shared interfaces is the toolstack: the xl command and the libxl/libxc libraries.

I think that VM configuration management (or orchestration in Startos jargon?) is a subject to debate in parallel.
Otherwise, is there any good assumption to avoid it right now?

Quoted 7 lines

Oleksandr and others I CCed have been working on ways for the toolstack to create virtio backends and setup memory mappings. They might be able to provide more info on the subject. I do think we miss a way to provide the configuration to the backend and anything else that the backend might require to start doing its job.

Quoted 8 lines
Quoted 5 lines

One question is how to best handle notification and kicks. The existing vhost-user framework uses eventfd to signal the daemon (although QEMU is quite capable of simulating them when you use TCG). Xen has it's own IOREQ mechanism. However latency is an important factor and having events go through the stub would add quite a lot.

Yeah I think, regardless of anything else, we want the backends to connect directly to the Xen hypervisor.

In my approach,
a) BE -> FE: interrupts triggered by BE calling a hypervisor interface via virtio-proxy
b) FE -> BE: MMIO to config raises events (in event channels), which is converted to a callback to BE via virtio-proxy (Xen's event channel is internnally implemented by
interrupts.)

I don't know what "connect directly" means here, but sending interrupts to the opposite side would be best efficient.
Ivshmem, I suppose, takes this approach by utilizing PCI's msi-x mechanism.

Quoted 3 lines
Quoted 3 lines

Could we consider the kernel internally converting IOREQ messages from the Xen hypervisor to eventfd events? Would this scale with other

kernel

Quoted 7 lines
Quoted 3 lines

hypercall interfaces?

So any thoughts on what directions are worth experimenting with?

One option we should consider is for each backend to connect to Xen via the IOREQ interface. We could generalize the IOREQ interface and make it hypervisor agnostic. The interface is really trivial and easy to add.

As I said above, my proposal does the same thing that you mentioned here :) The difference is that I do call hypervisor interfaces via virtio-proxy.

Quoted 4 lines

The only Xen-specific part is the notification mechanism, which is an event channel. If we replaced the event channel with something else the interface would be generic. See:

https://gitlab.com/xen-project/xen/-/blob/staging/xen/include/public/hvm/ioreq.h#L52

Quoted 4 lines

I don't think that translating IOREQs to eventfd in the kernel is a good idea: if feels like it would be extra complexity and that the kernel shouldn't be involved as this is a backend-hypervisor interface.

Given that we may want to implement BE as a bare-metal application as I did on Zephyr, I don't think that the translation would not be a big issue, especially on RTOS's.
It will be some kind of abstraction layer of interrupt handling (or nothing but a callback mechanism).

Quoted 8 lines

Also, eventfd is very Linux-centric and we are trying to design an interface that could work well for RTOSes too. If we want to do something different, both OS-agnostic and hypervisor-agnostic, perhaps we could design a new interface. One that could be implementable in the Xen hypervisor itself (like IOREQ) and of course any other hypervisor too.

Quoted 6 lines

There is also another problem. IOREQ is probably not be the only interface needed. Have a look at
https://marc.info/?l=xen-devel&m=162373754705233&w=2. Don't we also need an interface for the backend to inject interrupts into the frontend? And if the backend requires dynamic memory mappings of frontend pages, then we would also need an interface to map/unmap domU pages.

My proposal document might help here; All the interfaces required for virtio-proxy (or hypervisor-related interfaces) are listed as RPC protocols :)

Quoted 4 lines

These interfaces are a lot more problematic than IOREQ: IOREQ is tiny and self-contained. It is easy to add anywhere. A new interface to inject interrupts or map pages is more difficult to manage because it would require changes scattered across the various emulators.

Exactly. I have no confident yet that my approach will also apply to other hypervisors than Xen.
Technically, yes, but whether people can accept it or not is a different matter.

Thanks,
-Takahiro Akashi

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Signature · 3 lines
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#28 lore raw
Quoted 39 lines · AKASHI Takahiro

Hi François,

Quoted 1 line · Fran??ois Ozog

I top post as I find it difficult to identify where to make the comments.

Thank you for the posting.
I think that we should first discuss more about the goal/requirements/ practical use cases for the framework.

Quoted 8 lines

1) BE acceleration
Network and storage backends may actually be executed in SmartNICs. As virtio 1.1 is hardware friendly, there may be SmartNICs with virtio 1.1 PCI VFs. Is it a valid use case for the generic BE framework to be used in this context?
DPDK is used in some BE to significantly accelerate switching. DPDK is also used sometimes in guests. In that case, there are no event injection but just high performance memory scheme. Is this considered as a use case?

I'm not quite familiar with DPDK but it seems to be heavily reliant on not only virtqueues but also kvm/linux features/functionality, say, according to [1].
I'm afraid that DPDK is not suitable for primary (at least, initial) target use.
# In my proposal, virtio-proxy, I have in mind the assumption that we would

# create BE VM as a baremetal application on RTOS (and/or unikernel.)

But as far as virtqueue is concerned, I think we can discuss in general technical details as Alex suggested, including:
- sharing or mapping memory regions for data payload
- efficient notification mechanism

[1] https://www.redhat.com/en/blog/journey-vhost-users-realm

Quoted 5 lines

2) Virtio as OS HAL
Panasonic CTO has been calling for a virtio based HAL and based on the teachings of Google GKI, an internal HAL seem inevitable in the long term. Virtio is then a contender to Google promoted Android HAL. Could the framework be used in that context?

Quoted 3 lines

In this case, where will the implementation of "HAL" reside? I don't think the portability of "HAL" code (as a set of virtio BEs) is a requirement here.

When I hear people referring to VirtIO HALs I'm thinking mainly of VirtIO FE's living in a Linux kernel. There are certainly more devices that can get added but the commonality on the guest side I think is pretty much a solved problem (modulo Linux-ism's creeping into the virtio spec).

Signature · 5 lines
Alex Bennée

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#29 lore raw
In reply to Stefano Stabellini
Quoted 6 lines · Stefano Stabellini
Quoted 5 lines

Could we consider the kernel internally converting IOREQ messages from the Xen hypervisor to eventfd events? Would this scale with other kernel hypercall interfaces?

So any thoughts on what directions are worth experimenting with?

Quoted 7 lines

One option we should consider is for each backend to connect to Xen via the IOREQ interface. We could generalize the IOREQ interface and make it hypervisor agnostic. The interface is really trivial and easy to add. The only Xen-specific part is the notification mechanism, which is an event channel. If we replaced the event channel with something else the interface would be generic. See:
https://gitlab.com/xen-project/xen/-/blob/staging/xen/include/public/hvm/ioreq.h#L52

There have been experiments with something kind of similar in KVM recently (see struct ioregionfd_cmd):
https://lore.kernel.org/kvm/dad3d025bcf15ece11d9df0ff685e8ab0a4f2edd.1613828727.git.eafanasova@gmail.com/

Quoted 11 lines

There is also another problem. IOREQ is probably not be the only interface needed. Have a look at
https://marc.info/?l=xen-devel&m=162373754705233&w=2. Don't we also need an interface for the backend to inject interrupts into the frontend? And if the backend requires dynamic memory mappings of frontend pages, then we would also need an interface to map/unmap domU pages.

These interfaces are a lot more problematic than IOREQ: IOREQ is tiny and self-contained. It is easy to add anywhere. A new interface to inject interrupts or map pages is more difficult to manage because it would require changes scattered across the various emulators.

Something like ioreq is indeed necessary to implement arbitrary devices, but if you are willing to restrict yourself to VIRTIO then other interfaces are possible too because the VIRTIO device model is different from the general purpose x86 PIO/MMIO that Xen's ioreq seems to support.

Stefan

#30 lore raw

Hi Stefan,

Quoted 15 lines · Stefan Hajnoczi
Quoted 6 lines · Stefano Stabellini
Quoted 5 lines

Could we consider the kernel internally converting IOREQ messages from the Xen hypervisor to eventfd events? Would this scale with other kernel hypercall interfaces?

So any thoughts on what directions are worth experimenting with?

Quoted 7 lines

One option we should consider is for each backend to connect to Xen via the IOREQ interface. We could generalize the IOREQ interface and make it hypervisor agnostic. The interface is really trivial and easy to add. The only Xen-specific part is the notification mechanism, which is an event channel. If we replaced the event channel with something else the interface would be generic. See:
https://gitlab.com/xen-project/xen/-/blob/staging/xen/include/public/hvm/ioreq.h#L52

Quoted 3 lines

There have been experiments with something kind of similar in KVM recently (see struct ioregionfd_cmd):
https://lore.kernel.org/kvm/dad3d025bcf15ece11d9df0ff685e8ab0a4f2edd.1613828727.git.eafanasova@gmail.com/

Do you know the current status of Elena's work? It was last February that she posted her latest patch and it has not been merged upstream yet.

Quoted 12 lines
Quoted 11 lines

There is also another problem. IOREQ is probably not be the only interface needed. Have a look at
https://marc.info/?l=xen-devel&m=162373754705233&w=2. Don't we also need an interface for the backend to inject interrupts into the frontend? And if the backend requires dynamic memory mappings of frontend pages, then we would also need an interface to map/unmap domU pages.

These interfaces are a lot more problematic than IOREQ: IOREQ is tiny and self-contained. It is easy to add anywhere. A new interface to inject interrupts or map pages is more difficult to manage because it would require changes scattered across the various emulators.

Quoted 4 lines

Something like ioreq is indeed necessary to implement arbitrary devices, but if you are willing to restrict yourself to VIRTIO then other interfaces are possible too because the VIRTIO device model is different from the general purpose x86 PIO/MMIO that Xen's ioreq seems to support.

Can you please elaborate your thoughts a bit more here?

It seems to me that trapping MMIOs to configuration space and forwarding those events to BE (or device emulation) is a quite straight-forward way to emulate device MMIOs.
Or do you think of something of protocols used in vhost-user?

# On the contrary, virtio-ivshmem only requires a driver to explicitly

# forward a "write" request of MMIO accesses to BE. But I don't think
# it's your point. 

-Takahiro Akashi

Quoted 1 line

Stefan

#31 lore raw
Quoted 18 lines · AKASHI Takahiro

Hi Stefan,

Quoted 15 lines · Stefan Hajnoczi
Quoted 13 lines · Stefano Stabellini
Quoted 5 lines

Could we consider the kernel internally converting IOREQ messages from the Xen hypervisor to eventfd events? Would this scale with other kernel hypercall interfaces?

So any thoughts on what directions are worth experimenting with?

One option we should consider is for each backend to connect to Xen via the IOREQ interface. We could generalize the IOREQ interface and make it hypervisor agnostic. The interface is really trivial and easy to add. The only Xen-specific part is the notification mechanism, which is an event channel. If we replaced the event channel with something else the interface would be generic. See:
https://gitlab.com/xen-project/xen/-/blob/staging/xen/include/public/hvm/ioreq.h#L52

Quoted 7 lines
Quoted 3 lines

There have been experiments with something kind of similar in KVM recently (see struct ioregionfd_cmd):
https://lore.kernel.org/kvm/dad3d025bcf15ece11d9df0ff685e8ab0a4f2edd.1613828727.git.eafanasova@gmail.com/

Do you know the current status of Elena's work? It was last February that she posted her latest patch and it has not been merged upstream yet.

Elena worked on this during her Outreachy internship. At the moment no one is actively working on the patches.

Quoted 19 lines
Quoted 12 lines
Quoted 11 lines

There is also another problem. IOREQ is probably not be the only interface needed. Have a look at
https://marc.info/?l=xen-devel&m=162373754705233&w=2. Don't we also need an interface for the backend to inject interrupts into the frontend? And if the backend requires dynamic memory mappings of frontend pages, then we would also need an interface to map/unmap domU pages.

These interfaces are a lot more problematic than IOREQ: IOREQ is tiny and self-contained. It is easy to add anywhere. A new interface to inject interrupts or map pages is more difficult to manage because it would require changes scattered across the various emulators.

Quoted 4 lines

Something like ioreq is indeed necessary to implement arbitrary devices, but if you are willing to restrict yourself to VIRTIO then other interfaces are possible too because the VIRTIO device model is different from the general purpose x86 PIO/MMIO that Xen's ioreq seems to support.

Can you please elaborate your thoughts a bit more here?

Quoted 8 lines

It seems to me that trapping MMIOs to configuration space and forwarding those events to BE (or device emulation) is a quite straight-forward way to emulate device MMIOs.
Or do you think of something of protocols used in vhost-user?

# On the contrary, virtio-ivshmem only requires a driver to explicitly

# forward a "write" request of MMIO accesses to BE. But I don't think
# it's your point. 

See my first reply to this email thread about alternative interfaces for VIRTIO device emulation. The main thing to note was that although the shared memory vring is used by VIRTIO transports today, the device model actually allows transports to implement virtqueues differently (e.g. making it possible to create a VIRTIO over TCP transport without shared memory in the future).

It's possible to define a hypercall interface as a new VIRTIO transport that provides higher-level virtqueue operations. Doing this is more work than using vrings though since existing guest driver and device emulation code already supports vrings.

I don't know the requirements of Stratos so I can't say if creating a new hypervisor-independent interface (VIRTIO transport) that doesn't rely on shared memory vrings makes sense. I just wanted to raise the idea in case you find that VIRTIO's vrings don't meet your requirements.

Stefan

#32 lore raw

Hi Stefan,

Quoted 23 lines · Stefan Hajnoczi
Quoted 22 lines · AKASHI Takahiro

Hi Stefan,

Quoted 18 lines · Stefan Hajnoczi
Quoted 6 lines · Stefano Stabellini
Quoted 5 lines

Could we consider the kernel internally converting IOREQ messages from the Xen hypervisor to eventfd events? Would this scale with other kernel hypercall interfaces?

So any thoughts on what directions are worth experimenting with?

Quoted 7 lines

One option we should consider is for each backend to connect to Xen via the IOREQ interface. We could generalize the IOREQ interface and make it hypervisor agnostic. The interface is really trivial and easy to add. The only Xen-specific part is the notification mechanism, which is an event channel. If we replaced the event channel with something else the interface would be generic. See:
https://gitlab.com/xen-project/xen/-/blob/staging/xen/include/public/hvm/ioreq.h#L52

There have been experiments with something kind of similar in KVM recently (see struct ioregionfd_cmd):
https://lore.kernel.org/kvm/dad3d025bcf15ece11d9df0ff685e8ab0a4f2edd.1613828727.git.eafanasova@gmail.com/

Quoted 6 lines
Quoted 3 lines

Do you know the current status of Elena's work? It was last February that she posted her latest patch and it has not been merged upstream yet.

Elena worked on this during her Outreachy internship. At the moment no one is actively working on the patches.

Does RedHat plan to take over or follow up her work hereafter? # I'm simply asking from my curiosity.

Quoted 28 lines
Quoted 19 lines
Quoted 12 lines
Quoted 11 lines

There is also another problem. IOREQ is probably not be the only interface needed. Have a look at
https://marc.info/?l=xen-devel&m=162373754705233&w=2. Don't we also need an interface for the backend to inject interrupts into the frontend? And if the backend requires dynamic memory mappings of frontend pages, then we would also need an interface to map/unmap domU pages.

These interfaces are a lot more problematic than IOREQ: IOREQ is tiny and self-contained. It is easy to add anywhere. A new interface to inject interrupts or map pages is more difficult to manage because it would require changes scattered across the various emulators.

Quoted 4 lines

Something like ioreq is indeed necessary to implement arbitrary devices, but if you are willing to restrict yourself to VIRTIO then other interfaces are possible too because the VIRTIO device model is different from the general purpose x86 PIO/MMIO that Xen's ioreq seems to support.

Can you please elaborate your thoughts a bit more here?

Quoted 8 lines

It seems to me that trapping MMIOs to configuration space and forwarding those events to BE (or device emulation) is a quite straight-forward way to emulate device MMIOs.
Or do you think of something of protocols used in vhost-user?

# On the contrary, virtio-ivshmem only requires a driver to explicitly

# forward a "write" request of MMIO accesses to BE. But I don't think
# it's your point. 
Quoted 6 lines

See my first reply to this email thread about alternative interfaces for VIRTIO device emulation. The main thing to note was that although the shared memory vring is used by VIRTIO transports today, the device model actually allows transports to implement virtqueues differently (e.g. making it possible to create a VIRTIO over TCP transport without shared memory in the future).

Do you have any example of such use cases or systems?

Quoted 4 lines

It's possible to define a hypercall interface as a new VIRTIO transport that provides higher-level virtqueue operations. Doing this is more work than using vrings though since existing guest driver and device emulation code already supports vrings.

Personally, I'm open to discuss about your point, but

Quoted 4 lines

I don't know the requirements of Stratos so I can't say if creating a new hypervisor-independent interface (VIRTIO transport) that doesn't rely on shared memory vrings makes sense. I just wanted to raise the idea in case you find that VIRTIO's vrings don't meet your requirements.

While I cannot represent the project's view, what the JIRA task that is assigned to me describes:
Deliverables
* Low level library allowing:
* management of virtio rings and buffers
[and so on]
So supporting the shared memory-based vring is one of our assumptions.

In my understanding, the goal of Stratos project is that we would have several VMs congregated into a SoC, yet sharing most of physical IPs, where the shared memory should be, I assume, the most efficient transport for virtio.
One of target applications would be automotive, I guess.

Alex and Mike should have more to say here.

-Takahiro Akashi

Quoted 1 line

Stefan

#33 lore raw
Quoted 28 lines · AKASHI Takahiro
Quoted 27 lines · Stefan Hajnoczi
Quoted 25 lines · AKASHI Takahiro

Hi Stefan,

Quoted 15 lines · Stefan Hajnoczi
Quoted 6 lines · Stefano Stabellini
Quoted 5 lines

Could we consider the kernel internally converting IOREQ messages from the Xen hypervisor to eventfd events? Would this scale with other kernel hypercall interfaces?

So any thoughts on what directions are worth experimenting with?

Quoted 7 lines

One option we should consider is for each backend to connect to Xen via the IOREQ interface. We could generalize the IOREQ interface and make it hypervisor agnostic. The interface is really trivial and easy to add. The only Xen-specific part is the notification mechanism, which is an event channel. If we replaced the event channel with something else the interface would be generic. See:
https://gitlab.com/xen-project/xen/-/blob/staging/xen/include/public/hvm/ioreq.h#L52

Quoted 3 lines

There have been experiments with something kind of similar in KVM recently (see struct ioregionfd_cmd):
https://lore.kernel.org/kvm/dad3d025bcf15ece11d9df0ff685e8ab0a4f2edd.1613828727.git.eafanasova@gmail.com/

Do you know the current status of Elena's work? It was last February that she posted her latest patch and it has not been merged upstream yet.

Quoted 5 lines
Quoted 2 lines

Elena worked on this during her Outreachy internship. At the moment no one is actively working on the patches.

Does RedHat plan to take over or follow up her work hereafter? # I'm simply asking from my curiosity.

At the moment I'm not aware of anyone from Red Hat working on it. If someone decides they need this KVM API then that could change.

Quoted 28 lines
Quoted 28 lines
Quoted 27 lines
Quoted 12 lines
Quoted 11 lines

There is also another problem. IOREQ is probably not be the only interface needed. Have a look at
https://marc.info/?l=xen-devel&m=162373754705233&w=2. Don't we also need an interface for the backend to inject interrupts into the frontend? And if the backend requires dynamic memory mappings of frontend pages, then we would also need an interface to map/unmap domU pages.

These interfaces are a lot more problematic than IOREQ: IOREQ is tiny and self-contained. It is easy to add anywhere. A new interface to inject interrupts or map pages is more difficult to manage because it would require changes scattered across the various emulators.

Quoted 4 lines

Something like ioreq is indeed necessary to implement arbitrary devices, but if you are willing to restrict yourself to VIRTIO then other interfaces are possible too because the VIRTIO device model is different from the general purpose x86 PIO/MMIO that Xen's ioreq seems to support.

Can you please elaborate your thoughts a bit more here?

It seems to me that trapping MMIOs to configuration space and forwarding those events to BE (or device emulation) is a quite straight-forward way to emulate device MMIOs.
Or do you think of something of protocols used in vhost-user?

# On the contrary, virtio-ivshmem only requires a driver to explicitly

# forward a "write" request of MMIO accesses to BE. But I don't think
# it's your point. 
Quoted 8 lines
Quoted 6 lines

See my first reply to this email thread about alternative interfaces for VIRTIO device emulation. The main thing to note was that although the shared memory vring is used by VIRTIO transports today, the device model actually allows transports to implement virtqueues differently (e.g. making it possible to create a VIRTIO over TCP transport without shared memory in the future).

Do you have any example of such use cases or systems?

This aspect of VIRTIO isn't being exploited today AFAIK. But the layering to allow other virtqueue implementations is there. For example, Linux's virtqueue API is independent of struct vring, so existing drivers generally aren't tied to vrings.

Quoted 12 lines
Quoted 4 lines

It's possible to define a hypercall interface as a new VIRTIO transport that provides higher-level virtqueue operations. Doing this is more work than using vrings though since existing guest driver and device emulation code already supports vrings.

Personally, I'm open to discuss about your point, but

Quoted 4 lines

I don't know the requirements of Stratos so I can't say if creating a new hypervisor-independent interface (VIRTIO transport) that doesn't rely on shared memory vrings makes sense. I just wanted to raise the idea in case you find that VIRTIO's vrings don't meet your requirements.

Quoted 7 lines

While I cannot represent the project's view, what the JIRA task that is assigned to me describes:
Deliverables
* Low level library allowing:
* management of virtio rings and buffers
[and so on]
So supporting the shared memory-based vring is one of our assumptions.

If shared memory is allowed then vrings are the natural choice. That way existing virtio code will work with minimal modifications.

Stefan

#34 lore raw
In reply to Stefan Hajnoczi
Quoted 16 lines · Stefan Hajnoczi

[[PGP Signed Part:Undecided]]

Quoted 6 lines · Stefano Stabellini
Quoted 5 lines

Could we consider the kernel internally converting IOREQ messages from the Xen hypervisor to eventfd events? Would this scale with other kernel hypercall interfaces?

So any thoughts on what directions are worth experimenting with?

Quoted 7 lines

One option we should consider is for each backend to connect to Xen via the IOREQ interface. We could generalize the IOREQ interface and make it hypervisor agnostic. The interface is really trivial and easy to add. The only Xen-specific part is the notification mechanism, which is an event channel. If we replaced the event channel with something else the interface would be generic. See:
https://gitlab.com/xen-project/xen/-/blob/staging/xen/include/public/hvm/ioreq.h#L52

Quoted 3 lines

There have been experiments with something kind of similar in KVM recently (see struct ioregionfd_cmd):
https://lore.kernel.org/kvm/dad3d025bcf15ece11d9df0ff685e8ab0a4f2edd.1613828727.git.eafanasova@gmail.com/

Reading the cover letter was very useful in showing how this provides a separate channel for signalling IO events to userspace instead of using the normal type-2 vmexit type event. I wonder how deeply tied the userspace facing side of this is to KVM? Could it provide a common FD type interface to IOREQ?

As I understand IOREQ this is currently a direct communication between userspace and the hypervisor using the existing Xen message bus. My worry would be that by adding knowledge of what the underlying hypervisor is we'd end up with excess complexity in the kernel. For one thing we certainly wouldn't want an API version dependency on the kernel to understand which version of the Xen hypervisor it was running on.

Quoted 12 lines
Quoted 11 lines

There is also another problem. IOREQ is probably not be the only interface needed. Have a look at
https://marc.info/?l=xen-devel&m=162373754705233&w=2. Don't we also need an interface for the backend to inject interrupts into the frontend? And if the backend requires dynamic memory mappings of frontend pages, then we would also need an interface to map/unmap domU pages.

These interfaces are a lot more problematic than IOREQ: IOREQ is tiny and self-contained. It is easy to add anywhere. A new interface to inject interrupts or map pages is more difficult to manage because it would require changes scattered across the various emulators.

Quoted 5 lines

Something like ioreq is indeed necessary to implement arbitrary devices, but if you are willing to restrict yourself to VIRTIO then other interfaces are possible too because the VIRTIO device model is different from the general purpose x86 PIO/MMIO that Xen's ioreq seems to support.

It's true our focus is just VirtIO which does support alternative transport options however most implementations seem to be targeting virtio-mmio for it's relative simplicity and understood semantics (modulo a desire for MSI to reduce round trip latency handling signalling).

Quoted 4 lines

Stefan

[[End of PGP Signed Part]]

Signature · 5 lines
Alex Bennée

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#35 lore raw
Quoted 23 lines · Alex Bennée
Quoted 16 lines · Stefan Hajnoczi

[[PGP Signed Part:Undecided]]

Quoted 6 lines · Stefano Stabellini
Quoted 5 lines

Could we consider the kernel internally converting IOREQ messages from the Xen hypervisor to eventfd events? Would this scale with other kernel hypercall interfaces?

So any thoughts on what directions are worth experimenting with?

Quoted 7 lines

One option we should consider is for each backend to connect to Xen via the IOREQ interface. We could generalize the IOREQ interface and make it hypervisor agnostic. The interface is really trivial and easy to add. The only Xen-specific part is the notification mechanism, which is an event channel. If we replaced the event channel with something else the interface would be generic. See:
https://gitlab.com/xen-project/xen/-/blob/staging/xen/include/public/hvm/ioreq.h#L52

Quoted 3 lines

There have been experiments with something kind of similar in KVM recently (see struct ioregionfd_cmd):
https://lore.kernel.org/kvm/dad3d025bcf15ece11d9df0ff685e8ab0a4f2edd.1613828727.git.eafanasova@gmail.com/

Quoted 5 lines

Reading the cover letter was very useful in showing how this provides a separate channel for signalling IO events to userspace instead of using the normal type-2 vmexit type event. I wonder how deeply tied the userspace facing side of this is to KVM? Could it provide a common FD type interface to IOREQ?

I wondered this too after reading Stefano's link to Xen's ioreq. They seem to be quite similar. ioregionfd is closer to have PIO/MMIO vmexits are handled in KVM while I guess ioreq is closer to how Xen handles them, but those are small details.

It may be possible to use the ioreq struct instead of ioregionfd in KVM, but I haven't checked each field.

Quoted 25 lines

As I understand IOREQ this is currently a direct communication between userspace and the hypervisor using the existing Xen message bus. My worry would be that by adding knowledge of what the underlying hypervisor is we'd end up with excess complexity in the kernel. For one thing we certainly wouldn't want an API version dependency on the kernel to understand which version of the Xen hypervisor it was running on.

Quoted 12 lines
Quoted 11 lines

There is also another problem. IOREQ is probably not be the only interface needed. Have a look at
https://marc.info/?l=xen-devel&m=162373754705233&w=2. Don't we also need an interface for the backend to inject interrupts into the frontend? And if the backend requires dynamic memory mappings of frontend pages, then we would also need an interface to map/unmap domU pages.

These interfaces are a lot more problematic than IOREQ: IOREQ is tiny and self-contained. It is easy to add anywhere. A new interface to inject interrupts or map pages is more difficult to manage because it would require changes scattered across the various emulators.

Quoted 5 lines

Something like ioreq is indeed necessary to implement arbitrary devices, but if you are willing to restrict yourself to VIRTIO then other interfaces are possible too because the VIRTIO device model is different from the general purpose x86 PIO/MMIO that Xen's ioreq seems to support.

Quoted 5 lines

It's true our focus is just VirtIO which does support alternative transport options however most implementations seem to be targeting virtio-mmio for it's relative simplicity and understood semantics (modulo a desire for MSI to reduce round trip latency handling signalling).

Okay.

Stefan

#36 lore raw
In reply to Alex Bennée

Alex,

Quoted 23 lines · Alex Benn??e
Quoted 16 lines · Stefan Hajnoczi

[[PGP Signed Part:Undecided]]

Quoted 6 lines · Stefano Stabellini
Quoted 5 lines

Could we consider the kernel internally converting IOREQ messages from the Xen hypervisor to eventfd events? Would this scale with other kernel hypercall interfaces?

So any thoughts on what directions are worth experimenting with?

Quoted 7 lines

One option we should consider is for each backend to connect to Xen via the IOREQ interface. We could generalize the IOREQ interface and make it hypervisor agnostic. The interface is really trivial and easy to add. The only Xen-specific part is the notification mechanism, which is an event channel. If we replaced the event channel with something else the interface would be generic. See:
https://gitlab.com/xen-project/xen/-/blob/staging/xen/include/public/hvm/ioreq.h#L52

Quoted 3 lines

There have been experiments with something kind of similar in KVM recently (see struct ioregionfd_cmd):
https://lore.kernel.org/kvm/dad3d025bcf15ece11d9df0ff685e8ab0a4f2edd.1613828727.git.eafanasova@gmail.com/

Quoted 5 lines

Reading the cover letter was very useful in showing how this provides a separate channel for signalling IO events to userspace instead of using the normal type-2 vmexit type event. I wonder how deeply tied the userspace facing side of this is to KVM? Could it provide a common FD type interface to IOREQ?

Why do you stick to a "FD" type interface?

Quoted 2 lines

As I understand IOREQ this is currently a direct communication between userspace and the hypervisor using the existing Xen message bus. My

With IOREQ server, IO event occurrences are notified to BE via Xen's event channel, while the actual contexts of IO events (see struct ioreq in ioreq.h) are put in a queue on a single shared memory page which is to be assigned beforehand with xenforeignmemory_map_resource hypervisor call.

Quoted 4 lines

worry would be that by adding knowledge of what the underlying hypervisor is we'd end up with excess complexity in the kernel. For one thing we certainly wouldn't want an API version dependency on the kernel to understand which version of the Xen hypervisor it was running on.

That's exactly what virtio-proxy in my proposal[1] does; All the hypervisor- specific details of IO event handlings are contained in virtio-proxy and virtio BE will communicate with virtio-proxy through a virtqueue (yes, virtio-proxy is seen as yet another virtio device on BE) and will get IO event-related *RPC* callbacks, either MMIO read or write, from virtio-proxy.

See page 8 (protocol flow) and 10 (interfaces) in [1].

If kvm's ioregionfd can fit into this protocol, virtio-proxy for kvm will hopefully be implemented using ioregionfd.

-Takahiro Akashi

[1] https://op-lists.linaro.org/pipermail/stratos-dev/2021-August/000548.html

Quoted 32 lines
Quoted 12 lines
Quoted 11 lines

There is also another problem. IOREQ is probably not be the only interface needed. Have a look at
https://marc.info/?l=xen-devel&m=162373754705233&w=2. Don't we also need an interface for the backend to inject interrupts into the frontend? And if the backend requires dynamic memory mappings of frontend pages, then we would also need an interface to map/unmap domU pages.

These interfaces are a lot more problematic than IOREQ: IOREQ is tiny and self-contained. It is easy to add anywhere. A new interface to inject interrupts or map pages is more difficult to manage because it would require changes scattered across the various emulators.

Quoted 5 lines

Something like ioreq is indeed necessary to implement arbitrary devices, but if you are willing to restrict yourself to VIRTIO then other interfaces are possible too because the VIRTIO device model is different from the general purpose x86 PIO/MMIO that Xen's ioreq seems to support.

It's true our focus is just VirtIO which does support alternative transport options however most implementations seem to be targeting virtio-mmio for it's relative simplicity and understood semantics (modulo a desire for MSI to reduce round trip latency handling signalling).

Quoted 4 lines

Stefan

[[End of PGP Signed Part]]

Signature · 1 line
Alex Bennée
#37 lore raw
Quoted 26 lines · AKASHI Takahiro

Alex,

Quoted 23 lines · Alex Benn??e
Quoted 19 lines · Stefan Hajnoczi

[[PGP Signed Part:Undecided]]

Quoted 6 lines · Stefano Stabellini
Quoted 5 lines

Could we consider the kernel internally converting IOREQ messages from the Xen hypervisor to eventfd events? Would this scale with other kernel hypercall interfaces?

So any thoughts on what directions are worth experimenting with?

Quoted 7 lines

One option we should consider is for each backend to connect to Xen via the IOREQ interface. We could generalize the IOREQ interface and make it hypervisor agnostic. The interface is really trivial and easy to add. The only Xen-specific part is the notification mechanism, which is an event channel. If we replaced the event channel with something else the interface would be generic. See:
https://gitlab.com/xen-project/xen/-/blob/staging/xen/include/public/hvm/ioreq.h#L52

There have been experiments with something kind of similar in KVM recently (see struct ioregionfd_cmd):
https://lore.kernel.org/kvm/dad3d025bcf15ece11d9df0ff685e8ab0a4f2edd.1613828727.git.eafanasova@gmail.com/

Quoted 7 lines
Quoted 5 lines

Reading the cover letter was very useful in showing how this provides a separate channel for signalling IO events to userspace instead of using the normal type-2 vmexit type event. I wonder how deeply tied the userspace facing side of this is to KVM? Could it provide a common FD type interface to IOREQ?

Why do you stick to a "FD" type interface?

I mean most user space interfaces on POSIX start with a file descriptor and the usual read/write semantics or a series of ioctls.

Quoted 7 lines
Quoted 2 lines

As I understand IOREQ this is currently a direct communication between userspace and the hypervisor using the existing Xen message bus. My

With IOREQ server, IO event occurrences are notified to BE via Xen's event channel, while the actual contexts of IO events (see struct ioreq in ioreq.h) are put in a queue on a single shared memory page which is to be assigned beforehand with xenforeignmemory_map_resource hypervisor call.

If we abstracted the IOREQ via the kernel interface you would probably just want to put the ioreq structure on a queue rather than expose the shared page to userspace.

Quoted 5 lines
Quoted 4 lines

worry would be that by adding knowledge of what the underlying hypervisor is we'd end up with excess complexity in the kernel. For one thing we certainly wouldn't want an API version dependency on the kernel to understand which version of the Xen hypervisor it was running on.

Quoted 8 lines

That's exactly what virtio-proxy in my proposal[1] does; All the hypervisor- specific details of IO event handlings are contained in virtio-proxy and virtio BE will communicate with virtio-proxy through a virtqueue (yes, virtio-proxy is seen as yet another virtio device on BE) and will get IO event-related *RPC* callbacks, either MMIO read or write, from virtio-proxy.

See page 8 (protocol flow) and 10 (interfaces) in [1].

There are two areas of concern with the proxy approach at the moment. The first is how the bootstrap of the virtio-proxy channel happens and the second is how many context switches are involved in a transaction. Of course with all things there is a trade off. Things involving the very tightest latency would probably opt for a bare metal backend which I think would imply hypervisor knowledge in the backend binary.

Quoted 7 lines

If kvm's ioregionfd can fit into this protocol, virtio-proxy for kvm will hopefully be implemented using ioregionfd.

-Takahiro Akashi

[1] https://op-lists.linaro.org/pipermail/stratos-dev/2021-August/000548.html

Signature · 5 lines
Alex Bennée

---------------------------------------------------------------------
To unsubscribe, e-mail: [email protected]
For additional commands, e-mail: [email protected]
#38 lore raw

Alex,

Quoted 35 lines · Alex Benn??e
Quoted 32 lines · AKASHI Takahiro

Alex,

Quoted 28 lines · Alex Benn??e
Quoted 16 lines · Stefan Hajnoczi

[[PGP Signed Part:Undecided]]

Quoted 6 lines · Stefano Stabellini
Quoted 5 lines

Could we consider the kernel internally converting IOREQ messages from the Xen hypervisor to eventfd events? Would this scale with other kernel hypercall interfaces?

So any thoughts on what directions are worth experimenting with?

Quoted 7 lines

One option we should consider is for each backend to connect to Xen via the IOREQ interface. We could generalize the IOREQ interface and make it hypervisor agnostic. The interface is really trivial and easy to add. The only Xen-specific part is the notification mechanism, which is an event channel. If we replaced the event channel with something else the interface would be generic. See:
https://gitlab.com/xen-project/xen/-/blob/staging/xen/include/public/hvm/ioreq.h#L52

Quoted 3 lines

There have been experiments with something kind of similar in KVM recently (see struct ioregionfd_cmd):
https://lore.kernel.org/kvm/dad3d025bcf15ece11d9df0ff685e8ab0a4f2edd.1613828727.git.eafanasova@gmail.com/

Reading the cover letter was very useful in showing how this provides a separate channel for signalling IO events to userspace instead of using the normal type-2 vmexit type event. I wonder how deeply tied the userspace facing side of this is to KVM? Could it provide a common FD type interface to IOREQ?

Quoted 4 lines
Quoted 1 line

Why do you stick to a "FD" type interface?

I mean most user space interfaces on POSIX start with a file descriptor and the usual read/write semantics or a series of ioctls.

Who do you assume is responsible for implementing this kind of fd semantics, OSs on BE or hypervisor itself?

I think such interfaces can only be easily implemented on type-2 hypervisors.

# In this sense, I don't think rust-vmm, as it is, cannot be

# a general solution.
Quoted 11 lines
Quoted 7 lines
Quoted 2 lines

As I understand IOREQ this is currently a direct communication between userspace and the hypervisor using the existing Xen message bus. My

With IOREQ server, IO event occurrences are notified to BE via Xen's event channel, while the actual contexts of IO events (see struct ioreq in ioreq.h) are put in a queue on a single shared memory page which is to be assigned beforehand with xenforeignmemory_map_resource hypervisor call.

If we abstracted the IOREQ via the kernel interface you would probably just want to put the ioreq structure on a queue rather than expose the shared page to userspace.

Where is that queue?

Quoted 12 lines
Quoted 12 lines
Quoted 4 lines

worry would be that by adding knowledge of what the underlying hypervisor is we'd end up with excess complexity in the kernel. For one thing we certainly wouldn't want an API version dependency on the kernel to understand which version of the Xen hypervisor it was running on.

That's exactly what virtio-proxy in my proposal[1] does; All the hypervisor- specific details of IO event handlings are contained in virtio-proxy and virtio BE will communicate with virtio-proxy through a virtqueue (yes, virtio-proxy is seen as yet another virtio device on BE) and will get IO event-related *RPC* callbacks, either MMIO read or write, from virtio-proxy.

Quoted 4 lines
Quoted 1 line

See page 8 (protocol flow) and 10 (interfaces) in [1].

There are two areas of concern with the proxy approach at the moment. The first is how the bootstrap of the virtio-proxy channel happens and

As I said, from BE point of view, virtio-proxy would be seen as yet another virtio device by which BE could talk to "virtio proxy" vm or whatever else.

This way we guarantee BE's hypervisor-agnosticism instead of having "common" hypervisor interfaces. That is the base of my idea.

Quoted 4 lines

the second is how many context switches are involved in a transaction. Of course with all things there is a trade off. Things involving the very tightest latency would probably opt for a bare metal backend which I think would imply hypervisor knowledge in the backend binary.

In configuration phase of virtio device, the latency won't be a big matter. In device operations (i.e. read/write to block devices), if we can resolve 'mmap' issue, as Oleksandr is proposing right now, the only issue is how efficiently we can deliver notification to the opposite side. Right? And this is a very common problem whatever approach we would take.

Anyhow, if we do care the latency in my approach, most of virtio-proxy- related code can be re-implemented just as a stub (or shim?) library since the protocols are defined as RPCs.
In this case, however, we would lose the benefit of providing "single binary" BE.
(I know this is is an arguable requirement, though.)

# Would we better discuss what "hypervisor-agnosticism" means?

-Takahiro Akashi

Quoted 10 lines
Quoted 7 lines

If kvm's ioregionfd can fit into this protocol, virtio-proxy for kvm will hopefully be implemented using ioregionfd.

-Takahiro Akashi

[1] https://op-lists.linaro.org/pipermail/stratos-dev/2021-August/000548.html

Signature · 1 line
Alex Bennée
#39 lore raw
Quoted 127 lines · AKASHI Takahiro via Stratos-dev

Alex,

Quoted 5 lines · Alex Benn??e
Quoted 2 lines · AKASHI Takahiro

Alex,

Quoted 7 lines
Quoted 7 lines · Alex Benn??e
Quoted 6 lines
Quoted 3 lines · Stefan Hajnoczi

[[PGP Signed Part:Undecided]]

Quoted 1 line · Stefano Stabellini
Quoted 1 line

Could we consider the kernel internally converting IOREQ

messages from

Quoted 1 line
Quoted 1 line
Quoted 1 line
Quoted 1 line
Quoted 1 line
Quoted 1 line

the Xen hypervisor to eventfd events? Would this scale with

other kernel

Quoted 5 lines
Quoted 5 lines
Quoted 5 lines
Quoted 5 lines
Quoted 5 lines
Quoted 3 lines

hypercall interfaces?

So any thoughts on what directions are worth experimenting with?

One option we should consider is for each backend to connect to

Xen via

Quoted 1 line
Quoted 1 line
Quoted 1 line
Quoted 1 line
Quoted 1 line

the IOREQ interface. We could generalize the IOREQ interface and

make it

Quoted 1 line
Quoted 1 line
Quoted 1 line
Quoted 1 line
Quoted 1 line

hypervisor agnostic. The interface is really trivial and easy to

add.

Quoted 1 line
Quoted 1 line
Quoted 1 line
Quoted 1 line
Quoted 1 line

The only Xen-specific part is the notification mechanism, which is

an

Quoted 1 line
Quoted 1 line
Quoted 1 line
Quoted 1 line
Quoted 1 line

event channel. If we replaced the event channel with something

else the

Quoted 2 lines
Quoted 2 lines
Quoted 2 lines
Quoted 2 lines
Quoted 2 lines

interface would be generic. See:

https://gitlab.com/xen-project/xen/-/blob/staging/xen/include/public/hvm/ioreq.h#L52

Quoted 4 lines
Quoted 4 lines
Quoted 4 lines
Quoted 4 lines

There have been experiments with something kind of similar in KVM recently (see struct ioregionfd_cmd):

https://lore.kernel.org/kvm/dad3d025bcf15ece11d9df0ff685e8ab0a4f2edd.1613828727.git.eafanasova@gmail.com/

Quoted 2 lines
Quoted 2 lines
Quoted 2 lines

Reading the cover letter was very useful in showing how this provides

a

Quoted 1 line
Quoted 1 line
Quoted 1 line

separate channel for signalling IO events to userspace instead of

using

Quoted 8 lines
Quoted 5 lines
Quoted 3 lines

the normal type-2 vmexit type event. I wonder how deeply tied the userspace facing side of this is to KVM? Could it provide a common FD type interface to IOREQ?

Why do you stick to a "FD" type interface?

I mean most user space interfaces on POSIX start with a file descriptor and the usual read/write semantics or a series of ioctls.

Who do you assume is responsible for implementing this kind of fd semantics, OSs on BE or hypervisor itself?

I think such interfaces can only be easily implemented on type-2 hypervisors.

# In this sense, I don't think rust-vmm, as it is, cannot be

# a general solution.
Quoted 4 lines
Quoted 4 lines
Quoted 2 lines

As I understand IOREQ this is currently a direct communication between userspace and the hypervisor using the existing Xen message bus. My

With IOREQ server, IO event occurrences are notified to BE via Xen's

event

Quoted 1 line
Quoted 1 line

channel, while the actual contexts of IO events (see struct ioreq in

ioreq.h)

Quoted 1 line
Quoted 1 line

are put in a queue on a single shared memory page which is to be

assigned

Quoted 5 lines
Quoted 1 line

beforehand with xenforeignmemory_map_resource hypervisor call.

If we abstracted the IOREQ via the kernel interface you would probably just want to put the ioreq structure on a queue rather than expose the shared page to userspace.

Where is that queue?

Quoted 2 lines
Quoted 2 lines
Quoted 2 lines

worry would be that by adding knowledge of what the underlying hypervisor is we'd end up with excess complexity in the kernel. For

one

Quoted 1 line
Quoted 1 line
Quoted 1 line

thing we certainly wouldn't want an API version dependency on the

kernel

Quoted 3 lines
Quoted 3 lines
Quoted 1 line

to understand which version of the Xen hypervisor it was running on.

That's exactly what virtio-proxy in my proposal[1] does; All the

hypervisor-

Quoted 10 lines
Quoted 7 lines

specific details of IO event handlings are contained in virtio-proxy and virtio BE will communicate with virtio-proxy through a virtqueue (yes, virtio-proxy is seen as yet another virtio device on BE) and will get IO event-related *RPC* callbacks, either MMIO read or write, from virtio-proxy.

See page 8 (protocol flow) and 10 (interfaces) in [1].

There are two areas of concern with the proxy approach at the moment. The first is how the bootstrap of the virtio-proxy channel happens and

As I said, from BE point of view, virtio-proxy would be seen as yet another virtio device by which BE could talk to "virtio proxy" vm or whatever else.

This way we guarantee BE's hypervisor-agnosticism instead of having "common" hypervisor interfaces. That is the base of my idea.

Quoted 4 lines

the second is how many context switches are involved in a transaction. Of course with all things there is a trade off. Things involving the very tightest latency would probably opt for a bare metal backend which I think would imply hypervisor knowledge in the backend binary.

In configuration phase of virtio device, the latency won't be a big matter. In device operations (i.e. read/write to block devices), if we can resolve 'mmap' issue, as Oleksandr is proposing right now, the only issue is
how efficiently we can deliver notification to the opposite side. Right? And this is a very common problem whatever approach we would take.

Anyhow, if we do care the latency in my approach, most of virtio-proxy- related code can be re-implemented just as a stub (or shim?) library since the protocols are defined as RPCs.
In this case, however, we would lose the benefit of providing "single binary"
BE.
(I know this is is an arguable requirement, though.)

Quoted 3 lines

# Would we better discuss what "hypervisor-agnosticism" means?

Is there a call that you could recommend that we join to discuss this and

the topics of this thread?
There is definitely interest in pursuing a new interface for Argo that can be implemented in other hypervisors and enable guest binary portability between them, at least on the same hardware architecture, with VirtIO transport as a primary use case.

The notes from the Xen Summit Design Session on VirtIO Cross-Project BoF for Xen and Guest OS, which include context about the several separate approaches to VirtIO on Xen, have now been posted here:
https://lists.xenproject.org/archives/html/xen-devel/2021-09/msg00472.html

Christopher

Quoted 4 lines

-Takahiro Akashi

#40 lore raw
Quoted 130 lines · Christopher Clark
Quoted 127 lines · AKASHI Takahiro via Stratos-dev

Alex,

Quoted 5 lines · Alex Benn??e
Quoted 2 lines · AKASHI Takahiro

Alex,

Quoted 7 lines
Quoted 7 lines · Alex Benn??e
Quoted 6 lines
Quoted 3 lines · Stefan Hajnoczi

[[PGP Signed Part:Undecided]]

Quoted 1 line · Stefano Stabellini
Quoted 1 line

Could we consider the kernel internally converting IOREQ

messages from

Quoted 1 line
Quoted 1 line
Quoted 1 line
Quoted 1 line
Quoted 1 line
Quoted 1 line

the Xen hypervisor to eventfd events? Would this scale with

other kernel

Quoted 5 lines
Quoted 5 lines
Quoted 5 lines
Quoted 5 lines
Quoted 5 lines
Quoted 3 lines

hypercall interfaces?

So any thoughts on what directions are worth experimenting with?

One option we should consider is for each backend to connect to

Xen via

Quoted 1 line
Quoted 1 line
Quoted 1 line
Quoted 1 line
Quoted 1 line

the IOREQ interface. We could generalize the IOREQ interface and

make it

Quoted 1 line
Quoted 1 line
Quoted 1 line
Quoted 1 line
Quoted 1 line

hypervisor agnostic. The interface is really trivial and easy to

add.

Quoted 1 line
Quoted 1 line
Quoted 1 line
Quoted 1 line
Quoted 1 line

The only Xen-specific part is the notification mechanism, which is

an

Quoted 1 line
Quoted 1 line
Quoted 1 line
Quoted 1 line
Quoted 1 line

event channel. If we replaced the event channel with something

else the

Quoted 2 lines
Quoted 2 lines
Quoted 2 lines
Quoted 2 lines
Quoted 2 lines

interface would be generic. See:

https://gitlab.com/xen-project/xen/-/blob/staging/xen/include/public/hvm/ioreq.h#L52

Quoted 4 lines
Quoted 4 lines
Quoted 4 lines
Quoted 4 lines

There have been experiments with something kind of similar in KVM recently (see struct ioregionfd_cmd):

https://lore.kernel.org/kvm/dad3d025bcf15ece11d9df0ff685e8ab0a4f2edd.1613828727.git.eafanasova@gmail.com/

Quoted 2 lines
Quoted 2 lines
Quoted 2 lines

Reading the cover letter was very useful in showing how this provides

a

Quoted 1 line
Quoted 1 line
Quoted 1 line

separate channel for signalling IO events to userspace instead of

using

Quoted 8 lines
Quoted 5 lines
Quoted 3 lines

the normal type-2 vmexit type event. I wonder how deeply tied the userspace facing side of this is to KVM? Could it provide a common FD type interface to IOREQ?

Why do you stick to a "FD" type interface?

I mean most user space interfaces on POSIX start with a file descriptor and the usual read/write semantics or a series of ioctls.

Who do you assume is responsible for implementing this kind of fd semantics, OSs on BE or hypervisor itself?

I think such interfaces can only be easily implemented on type-2 hypervisors.

# In this sense, I don't think rust-vmm, as it is, cannot be

# a general solution.
Quoted 4 lines
Quoted 4 lines
Quoted 2 lines

As I understand IOREQ this is currently a direct communication between userspace and the hypervisor using the existing Xen message bus. My

With IOREQ server, IO event occurrences are notified to BE via Xen's

event

Quoted 1 line
Quoted 1 line

channel, while the actual contexts of IO events (see struct ioreq in

ioreq.h)

Quoted 1 line
Quoted 1 line

are put in a queue on a single shared memory page which is to be

assigned

Quoted 5 lines
Quoted 1 line

beforehand with xenforeignmemory_map_resource hypervisor call.

If we abstracted the IOREQ via the kernel interface you would probably just want to put the ioreq structure on a queue rather than expose the shared page to userspace.

Where is that queue?

Quoted 2 lines
Quoted 2 lines
Quoted 2 lines

worry would be that by adding knowledge of what the underlying hypervisor is we'd end up with excess complexity in the kernel. For

one

Quoted 1 line
Quoted 1 line
Quoted 1 line

thing we certainly wouldn't want an API version dependency on the

kernel

Quoted 3 lines
Quoted 3 lines
Quoted 1 line

to understand which version of the Xen hypervisor it was running on.

That's exactly what virtio-proxy in my proposal[1] does; All the

hypervisor-

Quoted 10 lines
Quoted 7 lines

specific details of IO event handlings are contained in virtio-proxy and virtio BE will communicate with virtio-proxy through a virtqueue (yes, virtio-proxy is seen as yet another virtio device on BE) and will get IO event-related *RPC* callbacks, either MMIO read or write, from virtio-proxy.

See page 8 (protocol flow) and 10 (interfaces) in [1].

There are two areas of concern with the proxy approach at the moment. The first is how the bootstrap of the virtio-proxy channel happens and

As I said, from BE point of view, virtio-proxy would be seen as yet another virtio device by which BE could talk to "virtio proxy" vm or whatever else.

This way we guarantee BE's hypervisor-agnosticism instead of having "common" hypervisor interfaces. That is the base of my idea.

Quoted 4 lines

the second is how many context switches are involved in a transaction. Of course with all things there is a trade off. Things involving the very tightest latency would probably opt for a bare metal backend which I think would imply hypervisor knowledge in the backend binary.

In configuration phase of virtio device, the latency won't be a big matter. In device operations (i.e. read/write to block devices), if we can resolve 'mmap' issue, as Oleksandr is proposing right now, the only issue is
how efficiently we can deliver notification to the opposite side. Right? And this is a very common problem whatever approach we would take.

Anyhow, if we do care the latency in my approach, most of virtio-proxy- related code can be re-implemented just as a stub (or shim?) library since the protocols are defined as RPCs.
In this case, however, we would lose the benefit of providing "single binary"
BE.
(I know this is is an arguable requirement, though.)

Quoted 4 lines
Quoted 2 lines

# Would we better discuss what "hypervisor-agnosticism" means?

Is there a call that you could recommend that we join to discuss this and the topics of this thread?

Stratos call?
Alex should have more to say.

-Takahiro Akashi

Quoted 18 lines

There is definitely interest in pursuing a new interface for Argo that can be implemented in other hypervisors and enable guest binary portability between them, at least on the same hardware architecture, with VirtIO transport as a primary use case.

The notes from the Xen Summit Design Session on VirtIO Cross-Project BoF for Xen and Guest OS, which include context about the several separate approaches to VirtIO on Xen, have now been posted here:
https://lists.xenproject.org/archives/html/xen-devel/2021-09/msg00472.html

Christopher

Quoted 4 lines

-Takahiro Akashi

#41 lore raw
In reply to Christopher Clark
Quoted 5 lines · Christopher Clark

On Sun, Sep 5, 2021 at 7:24 PM AKASHI Takahiro via Stratos-dev <[email protected]> wrote:

Alex,

On Fri, Sep 03, 2021 at 10:28:06AM +0100, Alex Benn??e wrote:

<snip>

Quoted 7 lines

In configuration phase of virtio device, the latency won't be a big matter. In device operations (i.e. read/write to block devices), if we can resolve 'mmap' issue, as Oleksandr is proposing right now, the only issue is how efficiently we can deliver notification to the opposite side. Right? And this is a very common problem whatever approach we would take.

Quoted 6 lines

Anyhow, if we do care the latency in my approach, most of virtio-proxy- related code can be re-implemented just as a stub (or shim?) library since the protocols are defined as RPCs.
In this case, however, we would lose the benefit of providing "single binary" BE.
(I know this is is an arguable requirement, though.)

The proposal for a single binary would always require something to shim between hypervisors. This is still an area of discussion though. Having a compile time selectable approach is practically unavoidable for "bare metal" backends though because there are no other processes/layers that communication with the hypervisor can be delegated to.

Quoted 7 lines

# Would we better discuss what "hypervisor-agnosticism" means?

Is there a call that you could recommend that we join to discuss this and the topics of this thread?
There is definitely interest in pursuing a new interface for Argo that can be implemented in other hypervisors and enable guest binary portability between them, at least on the same hardware architecture,
with VirtIO transport as a primary use case.

There is indeed ;-)

We have a regular open call every two week for the Stratos project which you are welcome to attend. You can find the details on the project overview page:

https://linaro.atlassian.net/wiki/spaces/STR/overview

we regularly have teams from outside the project present their work as well.

Quoted 3 lines

The notes from the Xen Summit Design Session on VirtIO Cross-Project BoF for Xen and Guest OS, which include context about the several separate approaches to VirtIO on Xen, have now been posted here:
https://lists.xenproject.org/archives/html/xen-devel/2021-09/msg00472.html

Thanks for the link - looks like a very detailed summary.

Quoted 5 lines

Christopher

-Takahiro Akashi

Signature · 5 lines
Alex Bennée

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To unsubscribe, e-mail: [email protected]
For additional commands, e-mail: [email protected]
#42 lore raw
In reply to AKASHI Takahiro
Quoted 11 lines · AKASHI Takahiro
Quoted 4 lines

the second is how many context switches are involved in a transaction. Of course with all things there is a trade off. Things involving the very tightest latency would probably opt for a bare metal backend which I think would imply hypervisor knowledge in the backend binary.

In configuration phase of virtio device, the latency won't be a big matter. In device operations (i.e. read/write to block devices), if we can resolve 'mmap' issue, as Oleksandr is proposing right now, the only issue is how efficiently we can deliver notification to the opposite side. Right? And this is a very common problem whatever approach we would take.

Quoted 6 lines

Anyhow, if we do care the latency in my approach, most of virtio-proxy- related code can be re-implemented just as a stub (or shim?) library since the protocols are defined as RPCs.
In this case, however, we would lose the benefit of providing "single binary" BE.
(I know this is is an arguable requirement, though.)

In my experience, latency, performance, and security are far more important than providing a single binary.

In my opinion, we should optimize for the best performance and security, then be practical on the topic of hypervisor agnosticism. For instance, a shared source with a small hypervisor-specific component, with one implementation of the small component for each hypervisor, would provide a good enough hypervisor abstraction. It is good to be hypervisor agnostic, but I wouldn't go extra lengths to have a single binary. I cannot picture a case where a BE binary needs to be moved between different hypervisors and a recompilation is impossible (BE, not FE). Instead, I can definitely imagine detailed requirements on IRQ latency having to be lower than 10us or bandwidth higher than 500 MB/sec.

Instead of virtio-proxy, my suggestion is to work together on a common project and common source with others interested in the same problem.

I would pick something like kvmtool as a basis. It doesn't have to be kvmtools, and kvmtools specifically is GPL-licensed, which is unfortunate because it would help if the license was BSD-style for ease of integration with Zephyr and other RTOSes.

As long as the project is open to working together on multiple hypervisors and deployment models then it is fine. For instance, the shared source could be based on OpenAMP kvmtool [1] (the original kvmtool likely prefers to stay small and narrow-focused on KVM). OpenAMP kvmtool was created to add support for hypervisor-less virtio but they are very open to hypervisors too. It could be a good place to add a Xen implementation, a KVM fatqueue implementation, a Jailhouse implementation, etc. -- work together toward the common goal of a single BE source (not binary) supporting multiple different deployment models.

[1] https://github.com/OpenAMP/kvmtool

#43 lore raw

Hi

Quoted 44 lines · Stefano Stabellini via Stratos-dev
Quoted 6 lines · AKASHI Takahiro
Quoted 4 lines

the second is how many context switches are involved in a transaction. Of course with all things there is a trade off. Things involving the very tightest latency would probably opt for a bare metal backend which I think would imply hypervisor knowledge in the backend binary.

In configuration phase of virtio device, the latency won't be a big

matter.

Quoted 2 lines

In device operations (i.e. read/write to block devices), if we can resolve 'mmap' issue, as Oleksandr is proposing right now, the only

issue is

Quoted 7 lines

how efficiently we can deliver notification to the opposite side. Right? And this is a very common problem whatever approach we would take.

Anyhow, if we do care the latency in my approach, most of virtio-proxy- related code can be re-implemented just as a stub (or shim?) library since the protocols are defined as RPCs.
In this case, however, we would lose the benefit of providing "single

binary"

Quoted 2 lines

BE.
(I know this is is an arguable requirement, though.)

In my experience, latency, performance, and security are far more important than providing a single binary.

In my opinion, we should optimize for the best performance and security, then be practical on the topic of hypervisor agnosticism. For instance, a shared source with a small hypervisor-specific component, with one implementation of the small component for each hypervisor, would provide a good enough hypervisor abstraction. It is good to be hypervisor agnostic, but I wouldn't go extra lengths to have a single binary. I cannot picture a case where a BE binary needs to be moved between different hypervisors and a recompilation is impossible (BE, not FE). Instead, I can definitely imagine detailed requirements on IRQ latency having to be lower than 10us or bandwidth higher than 500 MB/sec.

Instead of virtio-proxy, my suggestion is to work together on a common project and common source with others interested in the same problem.

I would pick something like kvmtool as a basis. It doesn't have to be kvmtools, and kvmtools specifically is GPL-licensed, which is unfortunate because it would help if the license was BSD-style for ease of integration with Zephyr and other RTOSes.

Quoted 10 lines

As long as the project is open to working together on multiple hypervisors and deployment models then it is fine. For instance, the shared source could be based on OpenAMP kvmtool [1] (the original kvmtool likely prefers to stay small and narrow-focused on KVM). OpenAMP kvmtool was created to add support for hypervisor-less virtio but they are very open to hypervisors too. It could be a good place to add a Xen implementation, a KVM fatqueue implementation, a Jailhouse implementation, etc. -- work together toward the common goal of a single BE source (not binary) supporting multiple different deployment models.

i like the hypervisor-less approach described in the link below. it can also be used to drfine abstract HAL between normal world and TrustZone to implement confidential workloads in the TZ. Virtio-sock is of particular interest.
In addition, this can define a HAL that can be re-used in many contexts :
could we use this to implement something similar to Android Generic Kernel Image stuff ?

Quoted 8 lines

[1] https://github.com/OpenAMP/kvmtool
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Signature · 3 lines
François-Frédéric Ozog | *Director Business Development*
T: +33.67221.6485
[email protected] | Skype: ffozog
#44 lore raw
In reply to Stefano Stabellini
Quoted 22 lines · Stefano Stabellini
Quoted 11 lines · AKASHI Takahiro
Quoted 4 lines

the second is how many context switches are involved in a transaction. Of course with all things there is a trade off. Things involving the very tightest latency would probably opt for a bare metal backend which I think would imply hypervisor knowledge in the backend binary.

In configuration phase of virtio device, the latency won't be a big matter. In device operations (i.e. read/write to block devices), if we can resolve 'mmap' issue, as Oleksandr is proposing right now, the only issue is how efficiently we can deliver notification to the opposite side. Right? And this is a very common problem whatever approach we would take.

Quoted 6 lines

Anyhow, if we do care the latency in my approach, most of virtio-proxy- related code can be re-implemented just as a stub (or shim?) library since the protocols are defined as RPCs.
In this case, however, we would lose the benefit of providing "single binary" BE.
(I know this is is an arguable requirement, though.)

In my experience, latency, performance, and security are far more important than providing a single binary.

Quoted 6 lines

In my opinion, we should optimize for the best performance and security, then be practical on the topic of hypervisor agnosticism. For instance, a shared source with a small hypervisor-specific component, with one implementation of the small component for each hypervisor, would provide a good enough hypervisor abstraction. It is good to be hypervisor agnostic, but I wouldn't go extra lengths to have a single binary.

I agree it shouldn't be a primary goal although a single binary working with helpers to bridge the gap would make a cool demo. The real aim of agnosticism is avoid having multiple implementations of the backend itself for no other reason than a change in hypervisor.

Quoted 5 lines

I cannot picture a case where a BE binary needs to be moved between different hypervisors and a recompilation is impossible (BE, not FE). Instead, I can definitely imagine detailed requirements on IRQ latency having to be lower than 10us or bandwidth higher than 500 MB/sec.

Quoted 7 lines

Instead of virtio-proxy, my suggestion is to work together on a common project and common source with others interested in the same problem.

I would pick something like kvmtool as a basis. It doesn't have to be kvmtools, and kvmtools specifically is GPL-licensed, which is unfortunate because it would help if the license was BSD-style for ease of integration with Zephyr and other RTOSes.

This does imply making some choices, especially the implementation language. However I feel that C is really the lowest common denominator here and I get the sense that people would rather avoid it if they could given the potential security implications of a bug prone back end. This is what is prompting interest in Rust.

Quoted 12 lines

As long as the project is open to working together on multiple hypervisors and deployment models then it is fine. For instance, the shared source could be based on OpenAMP kvmtool [1] (the original kvmtool likely prefers to stay small and narrow-focused on KVM). OpenAMP kvmtool was created to add support for hypervisor-less virtio but they are very open to hypervisors too. It could be a good place to add a Xen implementation, a KVM fatqueue implementation, a Jailhouse implementation, etc. -- work together toward the common goal of a single BE source (not binary) supporting multiple different deployment models.

[1] https://github.com/OpenAMP/kvmtool

Signature · 5 lines
Alex Bennée

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#45 lore raw
In reply to Stefano Stabellini

Hello,

Quoted 41 lines · Stefano Stabellini via Stratos-dev
Quoted 11 lines · AKASHI Takahiro
Quoted 4 lines

the second is how many context switches are involved in a transaction. Of course with all things there is a trade off. Things involving the very tightest latency would probably opt for a bare metal backend which I think would imply hypervisor knowledge in the backend binary.

In configuration phase of virtio device, the latency won't be a big matter. In device operations (i.e. read/write to block devices), if we can resolve 'mmap' issue, as Oleksandr is proposing right now, the only issue is how efficiently we can deliver notification to the opposite side. Right? And this is a very common problem whatever approach we would take.

Quoted 6 lines

Anyhow, if we do care the latency in my approach, most of virtio-proxy- related code can be re-implemented just as a stub (or shim?) library since the protocols are defined as RPCs.
In this case, however, we would lose the benefit of providing "single binary" BE.
(I know this is is an arguable requirement, though.)

In my experience, latency, performance, and security are far more important than providing a single binary.

In my opinion, we should optimize for the best performance and security, then be practical on the topic of hypervisor agnosticism. For instance, a shared source with a small hypervisor-specific component, with one implementation of the small component for each hypervisor, would provide a good enough hypervisor abstraction. It is good to be hypervisor agnostic, but I wouldn't go extra lengths to have a single binary. I cannot picture a case where a BE binary needs to be moved between different hypervisors and a recompilation is impossible (BE, not FE). Instead, I can definitely imagine detailed requirements on IRQ latency having to be lower than 10us or bandwidth higher than 500 MB/sec.

Instead of virtio-proxy, my suggestion is to work together on a common project and common source with others interested in the same problem.

I would pick something like kvmtool as a basis. It doesn't have to be kvmtools, and kvmtools specifically is GPL-licensed, which is unfortunate because it would help if the license was BSD-style for ease of integration with Zephyr and other RTOSes.

Quoted 9 lines

As long as the project is open to working together on multiple hypervisors and deployment models then it is fine. For instance, the shared source could be based on OpenAMP kvmtool [1] (the original kvmtool likely prefers to stay small and narrow-focused on KVM). OpenAMP kvmtool was created to add support for hypervisor-less virtio but they are very open to hypervisors too. It could be a good place to add a Xen implementation, a KVM fatqueue implementation, a Jailhouse implementation, etc. -- work together toward the common goal of a single BE source (not binary) supporting multiple different deployment models.

I have my reservations on using "kvmtool" to do any development here. "kvmtool" can't be used on the products and it is just a tool for the developers.

The benefit of the solving problem w/ rust-vmm is that some of the crates from this project can be utilized for the real product. Alex has mentioned that "rust-vmm" today has some KVM specific bits but the rust-vmm community is already discussing to remove or re-org them in such a way that other Hypervisors can fit in.

Microsoft has Hyper-V implementation w/ cloud-hypervisor which uses some of the rust-vmm components as well and they had shown interest to add the Hyper-V support in the "rust-vmm" project as well. I don't know the current progress but they had proven it it "cloud-hypervisor" project.

"rust-vmm" project's license will work as well for most of the project developments and I see that "CrosVM" is shipping in the products as well.

---Trilok Soni

#46 lore raw
Quoted 65 lines · Trilok Soni
Quoted 44 lines · Stefano Stabellini via Stratos-dev
Quoted 13 lines · AKASHI Takahiro
Quoted 4 lines

the second is how many context switches are involved in a transaction. Of course with all things there is a trade off. Things involving the very tightest latency would probably opt for a bare metal backend which I think would imply hypervisor knowledge in the backend binary.

In configuration phase of virtio device, the latency won't be a big matter.
In device operations (i.e. read/write to block devices), if we can resolve 'mmap' issue, as Oleksandr is proposing right now, the only issue is
how efficiently we can deliver notification to the opposite side. Right? And this is a very common problem whatever approach we would take.

Quoted 7 lines

Anyhow, if we do care the latency in my approach, most of virtio-proxy- related code can be re-implemented just as a stub (or shim?) library since the protocols are defined as RPCs.
In this case, however, we would lose the benefit of providing "single binary"
BE.
(I know this is is an arguable requirement, though.)

In my experience, latency, performance, and security are far more important than providing a single binary.

In my opinion, we should optimize for the best performance and security, then be practical on the topic of hypervisor agnosticism. For instance, a shared source with a small hypervisor-specific component, with one implementation of the small component for each hypervisor, would provide a good enough hypervisor abstraction. It is good to be hypervisor agnostic, but I wouldn't go extra lengths to have a single binary. I cannot picture a case where a BE binary needs to be moved between different hypervisors and a recompilation is impossible (BE, not FE). Instead, I can definitely imagine detailed requirements on IRQ latency having to be lower than 10us or bandwidth higher than 500 MB/sec.

Instead of virtio-proxy, my suggestion is to work together on a common project and common source with others interested in the same problem.

I would pick something like kvmtool as a basis. It doesn't have to be kvmtools, and kvmtools specifically is GPL-licensed, which is unfortunate because it would help if the license was BSD-style for ease of integration with Zephyr and other RTOSes.

Quoted 9 lines

As long as the project is open to working together on multiple hypervisors and deployment models then it is fine. For instance, the shared source could be based on OpenAMP kvmtool [1] (the original kvmtool likely prefers to stay small and narrow-focused on KVM). OpenAMP kvmtool was created to add support for hypervisor-less virtio but they are very open to hypervisors too. It could be a good place to add a Xen implementation, a KVM fatqueue implementation, a Jailhouse implementation, etc. -- work together toward the common goal of a single BE source (not binary) supporting multiple different deployment models.

I have my reservations on using "kvmtool" to do any development here. "kvmtool" can't be used on the products and it is just a tool for the developers.

The benefit of the solving problem w/ rust-vmm is that some of the crates from this project can be utilized for the real product. Alex has mentioned that "rust-vmm" today has some KVM specific bits but the rust-vmm community is already discussing to remove or re-org them in such a way that other Hypervisors can fit in.

Quoted 7 lines

Microsoft has Hyper-V implementation w/ cloud-hypervisor which uses some of the rust-vmm components as well and they had shown interest to add the Hyper-V support in the "rust-vmm" project as well. I don't know the current progress but they had proven it it "cloud-hypervisor" project.

"rust-vmm" project's license will work as well for most of the project developments and I see that "CrosVM" is shipping in the products as well.

Most things in open source start as a developers tool before they become part of a product :)

I am concerned about how "embeddable" rust-vmm is going to be. Do you think it would be possible to run it against an RTOS together with other apps written in C?

Let me make a realistic example. You can imagine a Zephyr instance with simple toolstack functionalities written in C (starting/stopping VMs). One might want to add a virtio backend to it. I am not familiar enough with Rust and rust-vmm to know if it would be feasible and "easy" to run a rust-vmm backend as a Zephyr app.

A C project of the size of kvmtool, but BSD-licensed, could run on Zephyr with only a little porting effort using the POSIX compatibility layer. I think that would be ideal. Anybody aware of a project fulfilling these requirements?

If we have to give up the ability to integrate with an RTOS, then I think QEMU could be the leading choice because is still the main reference implementation for virtio.

#47 lore raw

Hi Stefano,

Quoted 71 lines · Stefano Stabellini
Quoted 70 lines · Trilok Soni
Quoted 44 lines · Stefano Stabellini via Stratos-dev
Quoted 13 lines · AKASHI Takahiro
Quoted 4 lines

the second is how many context switches are involved in a transaction. Of course with all things there is a trade off. Things involving the very tightest latency would probably opt for a bare metal backend which I think would imply hypervisor knowledge in the backend binary.

In configuration phase of virtio device, the latency won't be a big matter.
In device operations (i.e. read/write to block devices), if we can resolve 'mmap' issue, as Oleksandr is proposing right now, the only issue is
how efficiently we can deliver notification to the opposite side. Right? And this is a very common problem whatever approach we would take.

Quoted 7 lines

Anyhow, if we do care the latency in my approach, most of virtio-proxy- related code can be re-implemented just as a stub (or shim?) library since the protocols are defined as RPCs.
In this case, however, we would lose the benefit of providing "single binary"
BE.
(I know this is is an arguable requirement, though.)

In my experience, latency, performance, and security are far more important than providing a single binary.

In my opinion, we should optimize for the best performance and security, then be practical on the topic of hypervisor agnosticism. For instance, a shared source with a small hypervisor-specific component, with one implementation of the small component for each hypervisor, would provide a good enough hypervisor abstraction. It is good to be hypervisor agnostic, but I wouldn't go extra lengths to have a single binary. I cannot picture a case where a BE binary needs to be moved between different hypervisors and a recompilation is impossible (BE, not FE). Instead, I can definitely imagine detailed requirements on IRQ latency having to be lower than 10us or bandwidth higher than 500 MB/sec.

Instead of virtio-proxy, my suggestion is to work together on a common project and common source with others interested in the same problem.

I would pick something like kvmtool as a basis. It doesn't have to be kvmtools, and kvmtools specifically is GPL-licensed, which is unfortunate because it would help if the license was BSD-style for ease of integration with Zephyr and other RTOSes.

Quoted 9 lines

As long as the project is open to working together on multiple hypervisors and deployment models then it is fine. For instance, the shared source could be based on OpenAMP kvmtool [1] (the original kvmtool likely prefers to stay small and narrow-focused on KVM). OpenAMP kvmtool was created to add support for hypervisor-less virtio but they are very open to hypervisors too. It could be a good place to add a Xen implementation, a KVM fatqueue implementation, a Jailhouse implementation, etc. -- work together toward the common goal of a single BE source (not binary) supporting multiple different deployment models.

I have my reservations on using "kvmtool" to do any development here. "kvmtool" can't be used on the products and it is just a tool for the developers.

The benefit of the solving problem w/ rust-vmm is that some of the crates from this project can be utilized for the real product. Alex has mentioned that "rust-vmm" today has some KVM specific bits but the rust-vmm community is already discussing to remove or re-org them in such a way that other Hypervisors can fit in.

Microsoft has Hyper-V implementation w/ cloud-hypervisor which uses some of the rust-vmm components as well and they had shown interest to add the Hyper-V support in the "rust-vmm" project as well. I don't know the current progress but they had proven it it "cloud-hypervisor" project.

Quoted 5 lines
Quoted 2 lines

"rust-vmm" project's license will work as well for most of the project developments and I see that "CrosVM" is shipping in the products as well.

Most things in open source start as a developers tool before they become part of a product :)

Agree, but I had an offline discussions with one the active developer of kvmtool and the confidence of using it in the product was no where near we expected during our evaluation. Same goes the QEMU and one of the biggest problem was no. of security issues against this huge codebase of QEMU.

Quoted 4 lines

I am concerned about how "embeddable" rust-vmm is going to be. Do you think it would be possible to run it against an RTOS together with other apps written in C?

I don't see any limitations of rust-vmm. For example, I am confident that we can port rust-vmm based backend into the QNX as host OS and same goes w/ Zephyr as well. Some work is needed but nothing fundamentally blocking it. We should be able to run it w/ Fuchsia as well with some effort.

---Trilok Soni

#48 lore raw
Quoted 84 lines · Trilok Soni
Quoted 83 lines · Stefano Stabellini
Quoted 81 lines · Trilok Soni
Quoted 49 lines · Stefano Stabellini via Stratos-dev
Quoted 17 lines · AKASHI Takahiro
Quoted 6 lines

the second is how many context switches are involved in a transaction.
Of course with all things there is a trade off. Things involving the very tightest latency would probably opt for a bare metal backend which
I think would imply hypervisor knowledge in the backend binary.

In configuration phase of virtio device, the latency won't be a big matter.
In device operations (i.e. read/write to block devices), if we can resolve 'mmap' issue, as Oleksandr is proposing right now, the only issue
is
how efficiently we can deliver notification to the opposite side. Right?
And this is a very common problem whatever approach we would take.

Quoted 8 lines

Anyhow, if we do care the latency in my approach, most of virtio-proxy-
related code can be re-implemented just as a stub (or shim?) library since the protocols are defined as RPCs.
In this case, however, we would lose the benefit of providing "single binary"
BE.
(I know this is is an arguable requirement, though.)

In my experience, latency, performance, and security are far more important than providing a single binary.

In my opinion, we should optimize for the best performance and security, then be practical on the topic of hypervisor agnosticism. For instance, a shared source with a small hypervisor-specific component, with one implementation of the small component for each hypervisor, would provide a good enough hypervisor abstraction. It is good to be hypervisor agnostic, but I wouldn't go extra lengths to have a single binary. I cannot picture a case where a BE binary needs to be moved between different hypervisors and a recompilation is impossible (BE, not FE). Instead, I can definitely imagine detailed requirements on IRQ latency having to be lower than 10us or bandwidth higher than 500 MB/sec.

Instead of virtio-proxy, my suggestion is to work together on a common project and common source with others interested in the same problem.

I would pick something like kvmtool as a basis. It doesn't have to be kvmtools, and kvmtools specifically is GPL-licensed, which is unfortunate because it would help if the license was BSD-style for ease of integration with Zephyr and other RTOSes.

Quoted 9 lines

As long as the project is open to working together on multiple hypervisors and deployment models then it is fine. For instance, the shared source could be based on OpenAMP kvmtool [1] (the original kvmtool likely prefers to stay small and narrow-focused on KVM). OpenAMP kvmtool was created to add support for hypervisor-less virtio but they are very open to hypervisors too. It could be a good place to add a Xen implementation, a KVM fatqueue implementation, a Jailhouse implementation, etc. -- work together toward the common goal of a single BE source (not binary) supporting multiple different deployment models.

I have my reservations on using "kvmtool" to do any development here. "kvmtool" can't be used on the products and it is just a tool for the developers.

The benefit of the solving problem w/ rust-vmm is that some of the crates from
this project can be utilized for the real product. Alex has mentioned that "rust-vmm" today has some KVM specific bits but the rust-vmm community is already discussing to remove or re-org them in such a way that other Hypervisors can fit in.

Microsoft has Hyper-V implementation w/ cloud-hypervisor which uses some of
the rust-vmm components as well and they had shown interest to add the Hyper-V
support in the "rust-vmm" project as well. I don't know the current progress
but they had proven it it "cloud-hypervisor" project.

"rust-vmm" project's license will work as well for most of the project developments and I see that "CrosVM" is shipping in the products as well.

Quoted 7 lines
Quoted 2 lines

Most things in open source start as a developers tool before they become part of a product :)

Agree, but I had an offline discussions with one the active developer of kvmtool and the confidence of using it in the product was no where near we expected during our evaluation. Same goes the QEMU and one of the biggest problem was no. of security issues against this huge codebase of QEMU.

That is fair, but it is important to recognize that these are *known* security issues.

Does rust-vmm have a security process and a security response team? I tried googling for it but couldn't find relevant info.

QEMU is a very widely used and very well inspected codebase. It has a mailing list to report security issues and a security process. As a consequence we know of many vulnerabilities affecting the code base. As far as I am aware rust-vmm has not been inspected yet with the same level of attention and the same amount of security researchers.

That said, of course it is undeniable that the larger size of QEMU implies a higher amount of security issues. But for this project, we wouldn't be using the whole of QEMU of course. We would be narrowing it down to a build with only few revelant pieces. I imagine that the total LOC count would still be higher but the number of relevant security vulnerabilities would only be a small fraction of the QEMU total.

Quoted 8 lines
Quoted 3 lines

I am concerned about how "embeddable" rust-vmm is going to be. Do you think it would be possible to run it against an RTOS together with other apps written in C?

I don't see any limitations of rust-vmm. For example, I am confident that we can port rust-vmm based backend into the QNX as host OS and same goes w/ Zephyr as well. Some work is needed but nothing fundamentally blocking it. We should be able to run it w/ Fuchsia as well with some effort.

That's good to hear.

#49 lore raw
In reply to Alex Bennée
Quoted 76 lines · Alex Bennée

Hi,

One of the goals of Project Stratos is to enable hypervisor agnostic backends so we can enable as much re-use of code as possible and avoid repeating ourselves. This is the flip side of the front end where multiple front-end implementations are required - one per OS, assuming you don't just want Linux guests. The resultant guests are trivially movable between hypervisors modulo any abstracted paravirt type interfaces.

In my original thumb nail sketch of a solution I envisioned vhost-user daemons running in a broadly POSIX like environment. The interface to the daemon is fairly simple requiring only some mapped memory and some sort of signalling for events (on Linux this is eventfd). The idea was a stub binary would be responsible for any hypervisor specific setup and then launch a common binary to deal with the actual virtqueue requests themselves.

Since that original sketch we've seen an expansion in the sort of ways backends could be created. There is interest in encapsulating backends in RTOSes or unikernels for solutions like SCMI. There interest in Rust has prompted ideas of using the trait interface to abstract differences away as well as the idea of bare-metal Rust backends.

We have a card (STR-12) called "Hypercall Standardisation" which calls for a description of the APIs needed from the hypervisor side to support VirtIO guests and their backends. However we are some way off from that at the moment as I think we need to at least demonstrate one portable backend before we start codifying requirements. To that end I want to think about what we need for a backend to function.

Configuration
=============

In the type-2 setup this is typically fairly simple because the host system can orchestrate the various modules that make up the complete system. In the type-1 case (or even type-2 with delegated service VMs) we need some sort of mechanism to inform the backend VM about key details about the system:

- where virt queue memory is in it's address space
- how it's going to receive (interrupt) and trigger (kick) events
- what (if any) resources the backend needs to connect to

Obviously you can elide over configuration issues by having static configurations and baking the assumptions into your guest images however this isn't scalable in the long term. The obvious solution seems to be extending a subset of Device Tree data to user space but perhaps there are other approaches?

Before any virtio transactions can take place the appropriate memory mappings need to be made between the FE guest and the BE guest. Currently the whole of the FE guests address space needs to be visible to whatever is serving the virtio requests. I can envision 3 approaches:

* BE guest boots with memory already mapped

This would entail the guest OS knowing where in it's Guest Physical Address space is already taken up and avoiding clashing. I would assume in this case you would want a standard interface to userspace to then make that address space visible to the backend daemon.

* BE guests boots with a hypervisor handle to memory

The BE guest is then free to map the FE's memory to where it wants in the BE's guest physical address space. To activate the mapping will require some sort of hypercall to the hypervisor. I can see two options at this point:

- expose the handle to userspace for daemon/helper to trigger the mapping via existing hypercall interfaces. If using a helper you would have a hypervisor specific one to avoid the daemon having to care too much about the details or push that complexity into a compile time option for the daemon which would result in different binaries although a common source base.

Quoted 6 lines

- expose a new kernel ABI to abstract the hypercall differences away in the guest kernel. In this case the userspace would essentially ask for an abstract "map guest N memory to userspace ptr" and let the kernel deal with the different hypercall interfaces. This of course assumes the majority of BE guests would be Linux kernels and leaves the bare-metal/unikernel approaches to their own devices.

VIRTIO typically uses the vring memory layout but doesn't need to. The VIRTIO device model deals with virtqueues. The shared memory vring layout is part of the VIRTIO transport (PCI, MMIO, and CCW use vrings). Alternative transports with other virtqueue representations are possible (e.g. VIRTIO-over-TCP). They don't need to involve a BE mapping shared memory and processing a vring owned by the FE.

For example, there could be BE hypercalls to pop a virtqueue elements, push a virtqueue elements, and to access buffers (basically DMA read/write). The FE could either be a traditional virtio-mmio/pci device with a vring or use FE hypercalls to add available elements to a virtqueue and get used elements.

I don't know the goals of project Stratos or whether this helps, but it might allow other architectures that have different security, complexity, etc properties.

Stefan

#50 lore raw
In reply to Alex Bennée

Hello Alex,

I can tell you my experience from working on a PoC (library)
to allow the implementation of virtio-devices that are hypervisor/OS agnostic. I focused on two use cases:
1. type-I hypervisor in which the backend is running as a VM. This is an in-house hypervisor that does not support VMExits.
2. Linux user-space. In this case, the library is just used to communicate threads. The goal of this use case is merely testing.

I have chosen virtio-mmio as the way to exchange information
between the frontend and backend. I found it hard to synchronize the access to the virtio-mmio layout without VMExits. I had to add some extra bits to allow the front-end and back-end to synchronize, which is required
during the device-status initialization. These extra bits would not be needed in case the hypervisor supports VMExits, e.g., KVM.

Each guest has a memory region that is shared with the backend.
This memory region is used by the frontend to allocate the io-buffers. This region also maps the virtio-mmio layout that is initialized by the backend. For the moment, this region is defined when the guest is created. One limitation is that the memory for io-buffers is fixed. At some point, the guest shall be able to balloon this region. Notifications between the frontend and the backend are implemented by using an hypercall. The hypercall mechanism and the memory allocation are abstracted away by a platform layer that exposes an interface that is hypervisor/os agnostic.

I split the backend into a virtio-device driver and a
backend driver. The virtio-device driver is the virtqueues and the backend driver gets packets from the virtqueue for post-processing. For example, in the case of virtio-net, the backend driver would decide if the packet goes to the hardware or to another virtio-net device. The virtio-device drivers may be
implemented in different ways like by using a single thread, multiple threads, or one thread for all the virtio-devices.

In this PoC, I just tackled two very simple use-cases. These use-cases allowed me to extract some requirements for an hypervisor to support virtio.

Matias

Quoted 104 lines · Alex Bennée

Hi,

One of the goals of Project Stratos is to enable hypervisor agnostic backends so we can enable as much re-use of code as possible and avoid repeating ourselves. This is the flip side of the front end where multiple front-end implementations are required - one per OS, assuming you don't just want Linux guests. The resultant guests are trivially movable between hypervisors modulo any abstracted paravirt type interfaces.

In my original thumb nail sketch of a solution I envisioned vhost-user daemons running in a broadly POSIX like environment. The interface to the daemon is fairly simple requiring only some mapped memory and some sort of signalling for events (on Linux this is eventfd). The idea was a stub binary would be responsible for any hypervisor specific setup and then launch a common binary to deal with the actual virtqueue requests themselves.

Since that original sketch we've seen an expansion in the sort of ways backends could be created. There is interest in encapsulating backends in RTOSes or unikernels for solutions like SCMI. There interest in Rust has prompted ideas of using the trait interface to abstract differences away as well as the idea of bare-metal Rust backends.

We have a card (STR-12) called "Hypercall Standardisation" which calls for a description of the APIs needed from the hypervisor side to support VirtIO guests and their backends. However we are some way off from that at the moment as I think we need to at least demonstrate one portable backend before we start codifying requirements. To that end I want to think about what we need for a backend to function.

Configuration
=============

In the type-2 setup this is typically fairly simple because the host system can orchestrate the various modules that make up the complete system. In the type-1 case (or even type-2 with delegated service VMs) we need some sort of mechanism to inform the backend VM about key details about the system:

- where virt queue memory is in it's address space
- how it's going to receive (interrupt) and trigger (kick) events
- what (if any) resources the backend needs to connect to

Obviously you can elide over configuration issues by having static configurations and baking the assumptions into your guest images however this isn't scalable in the long term. The obvious solution seems to be extending a subset of Device Tree data to user space but perhaps there are other approaches?

Before any virtio transactions can take place the appropriate memory mappings need to be made between the FE guest and the BE guest. Currently the whole of the FE guests address space needs to be visible to whatever is serving the virtio requests. I can envision 3 approaches:

* BE guest boots with memory already mapped

This would entail the guest OS knowing where in it's Guest Physical Address space is already taken up and avoiding clashing. I would assume in this case you would want a standard interface to userspace to then make that address space visible to the backend daemon.

* BE guests boots with a hypervisor handle to memory

The BE guest is then free to map the FE's memory to where it wants in the BE's guest physical address space. To activate the mapping will require some sort of hypercall to the hypervisor. I can see two options at this point:

- expose the handle to userspace for daemon/helper to trigger the mapping via existing hypercall interfaces. If using a helper you would have a hypervisor specific one to avoid the daemon having to care too much about the details or push that complexity into a compile time option for the daemon which would result in different binaries although a common source base.

- expose a new kernel ABI to abstract the hypercall differences away in the guest kernel. In this case the userspace would essentially ask for an abstract "map guest N memory to userspace ptr" and let the kernel deal with the different hypercall interfaces. This of course assumes the majority of BE guests would be Linux kernels and leaves the bare-metal/unikernel approaches to their own devices.

Operation
=========

The core of the operation of VirtIO is fairly simple. Once the vhost-user feature negotiation is done it's a case of receiving update events and parsing the resultant virt queue for data. The vhost-user specification handles a bunch of setup before that point, mostly to detail where the virt queues are set up FD's for memory and event communication. This is where the envisioned stub process would be responsible for getting the daemon up and ready to run. This is currently done inside a big VMM like QEMU but I suspect a modern approach would be to use the rust-vmm vhost crate. It would then either communicate with the kernel's abstracted ABI or be re-targeted as a build option for the various hypervisors.

One question is how to best handle notification and kicks. The existing vhost-user framework uses eventfd to signal the daemon (although QEMU is quite capable of simulating them when you use TCG). Xen has it's own IOREQ mechanism. However latency is an important factor and having events go through the stub would add quite a lot.

Quoted 13 lines

Could we consider the kernel internally converting IOREQ messages from the Xen hypervisor to eventfd events? Would this scale with other kernel hypercall interfaces?

So any thoughts on what directions are worth experimenting with?

Signature · 5 lines
Alex Bennée

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#52 lore raw

Hello,

Quoted 10 lines · AKASHI Takahiro

Hi Matias,

Quoted 4 lines · Matias Ezequiel Vara Larsen

Hello Alex,

I can tell you my experience from working on a PoC (library)
to allow the implementation of virtio-devices that are hypervisor/OS agnostic.

What hypervisor are you using for your PoC here?

I am using an in-house hypervisor, which is similar to Jailhouse.

Quoted 6 lines
Quoted 6 lines

I focused on two use cases:
1. type-I hypervisor in which the backend is running as a VM. This is an in-house hypervisor that does not support VMExits.
2. Linux user-space. In this case, the library is just used to communicate threads. The goal of this use case is merely testing.

Quoted 7 lines
Quoted 3 lines

I have chosen virtio-mmio as the way to exchange information
between the frontend and backend. I found it hard to synchronize the access to the virtio-mmio layout without VMExits. I had to add some extra bits to allow

Can you explain how MMIOs to registers in virito-mmio layout (which I think means a configuration space?) will be propagated to BE?

In this PoC, the BE guest is created with a fixed number of regions
of memory that represents each device. The BE initializes these regions, and then, waits for the FEs to begin the initialization.

Quoted 9 lines
Quoted 8 lines

the front-end and back-end to synchronize, which is required during the device-status initialization. These extra bits would not be needed in case the hypervisor supports VMExits, e.g., KVM.

Each guest has a memory region that is shared with the backend.
This memory region is used by the frontend to allocate the io-buffers. This region also maps the virtio-mmio layout that is initialized by the backend. For the moment, this region is defined when the guest is created. One limitation is that the memory for io-buffers is fixed.

Quoted 7 lines

So in summary, you have a single memory region that is used for virtio-mmio layout and io-buffers (I think they are for payload) and you assume that the region will be (at lease for now) statically shared between FE and BE so that you can eliminate 'mmap' at every time to access the payload.
Correct?

Yes, It is.

Quoted 9 lines

If so, it can be an alternative solution for memory access issue, and a similar technique is used in some implementations:
- (Jailhouse's) ivshmem
- Arnd's fat virtqueue

In either case, however, you will have to allocate payload from the region and so you will see some impact on FE code (at least at some low level). (In ivshmem, dma_ops in the kernel is defined for this purpose.) Correct?

Yes, It is. The FE implements a sort of malloc() to organize the allocation of io-buffers from that memory region.

Rethinking about the VMExits, I am not sure how this mechanism may be used when both the FE and the BE are VMs. The use of VMExits may require to involve the hypervisor.

Matias

Quoted 141 lines

-Takahiro Akashi

Quoted 138 lines

At some point, the guest shall be able to balloon this region. Notifications between the frontend and the backend are implemented by using an hypercall. The hypercall mechanism and the memory allocation are abstracted away by a platform layer that exposes an interface that is hypervisor/os agnostic.

I split the backend into a virtio-device driver and a
backend driver. The virtio-device driver is the virtqueues and the backend driver gets packets from the virtqueue for post-processing. For example, in the case of virtio-net, the backend driver would decide if the packet goes to the hardware or to another virtio-net device. The virtio-device drivers may be
implemented in different ways like by using a single thread, multiple threads, or one thread for all the virtio-devices.

In this PoC, I just tackled two very simple use-cases. These use-cases allowed me to extract some requirements for an hypervisor to support virtio.

Matias

Quoted 117 lines · Alex Bennée

Hi,

One of the goals of Project Stratos is to enable hypervisor agnostic backends so we can enable as much re-use of code as possible and avoid repeating ourselves. This is the flip side of the front end where multiple front-end implementations are required - one per OS, assuming you don't just want Linux guests. The resultant guests are trivially movable between hypervisors modulo any abstracted paravirt type interfaces.

In my original thumb nail sketch of a solution I envisioned vhost-user daemons running in a broadly POSIX like environment. The interface to the daemon is fairly simple requiring only some mapped memory and some sort of signalling for events (on Linux this is eventfd). The idea was a stub binary would be responsible for any hypervisor specific setup and then launch a common binary to deal with the actual virtqueue requests themselves.

Since that original sketch we've seen an expansion in the sort of ways backends could be created. There is interest in encapsulating backends in RTOSes or unikernels for solutions like SCMI. There interest in Rust has prompted ideas of using the trait interface to abstract differences away as well as the idea of bare-metal Rust backends.

We have a card (STR-12) called "Hypercall Standardisation" which calls for a description of the APIs needed from the hypervisor side to support VirtIO guests and their backends. However we are some way off from that at the moment as I think we need to at least demonstrate one portable backend before we start codifying requirements. To that end I want to think about what we need for a backend to function.

Configuration
=============

In the type-2 setup this is typically fairly simple because the host system can orchestrate the various modules that make up the complete system. In the type-1 case (or even type-2 with delegated service VMs) we need some sort of mechanism to inform the backend VM about key details about the system:

- where virt queue memory is in it's address space
- how it's going to receive (interrupt) and trigger (kick) events
- what (if any) resources the backend needs to connect to

Obviously you can elide over configuration issues by having static configurations and baking the assumptions into your guest images however this isn't scalable in the long term. The obvious solution seems to be extending a subset of Device Tree data to user space but perhaps there are other approaches?

Before any virtio transactions can take place the appropriate memory mappings need to be made between the FE guest and the BE guest. Currently the whole of the FE guests address space needs to be visible to whatever is serving the virtio requests. I can envision 3 approaches:

* BE guest boots with memory already mapped

This would entail the guest OS knowing where in it's Guest Physical Address space is already taken up and avoiding clashing. I would assume in this case you would want a standard interface to userspace to then make that address space visible to the backend daemon.

* BE guests boots with a hypervisor handle to memory

The BE guest is then free to map the FE's memory to where it wants in the BE's guest physical address space. To activate the mapping will require some sort of hypercall to the hypervisor. I can see two options at this point:

- expose the handle to userspace for daemon/helper to trigger the mapping via existing hypercall interfaces. If using a helper you would have a hypervisor specific one to avoid the daemon having to care too much about the details or push that complexity into a compile time option for the daemon which would result in different binaries although a common source base.

- expose a new kernel ABI to abstract the hypercall differences away in the guest kernel. In this case the userspace would essentially ask for an abstract "map guest N memory to userspace ptr" and let the kernel deal with the different hypercall interfaces. This of course assumes the majority of BE guests would be Linux kernels and leaves the bare-metal/unikernel approaches to their own devices.

Operation
=========

The core of the operation of VirtIO is fairly simple. Once the vhost-user feature negotiation is done it's a case of receiving update events and parsing the resultant virt queue for data. The vhost-user specification handles a bunch of setup before that point, mostly to detail where the virt queues are set up FD's for memory and event communication. This is where the envisioned stub process would be responsible for getting the daemon up and ready to run. This is currently done inside a big VMM like QEMU but I suspect a modern approach would be to use the rust-vmm vhost crate. It would then either communicate with the kernel's abstracted ABI or be re-targeted as a build option for the various hypervisors.

One question is how to best handle notification and kicks. The existing vhost-user framework uses eventfd to signal the daemon (although QEMU is quite capable of simulating them when you use TCG). Xen has it's own IOREQ mechanism. However latency is an important factor and having events go through the stub would add quite a lot.

Could we consider the kernel internally converting IOREQ messages from the Xen hypervisor to eventfd events? Would this scale with other kernel hypercall interfaces?

So any thoughts on what directions are worth experimenting with?

Signature · 5 lines
Alex Bennée

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#54 lore raw
Quoted 33 lines · AKASHI Takahiro

Hi Matias,

Quoted 30 lines · Matias Ezequiel Vara Larsen

Hello,

Quoted 10 lines · AKASHI Takahiro

Hi Matias,

Quoted 4 lines · Matias Ezequiel Vara Larsen

Hello Alex,

I can tell you my experience from working on a PoC (library)
to allow the implementation of virtio-devices that are hypervisor/OS agnostic.

What hypervisor are you using for your PoC here?

I am using an in-house hypervisor, which is similar to Jailhouse.

Quoted 13 lines
Quoted 9 lines

I focused on two use cases:
1. type-I hypervisor in which the backend is running as a VM. This is an in-house hypervisor that does not support VMExits.
2. Linux user-space. In this case, the library is just used to communicate threads. The goal of this use case is merely testing.

I have chosen virtio-mmio as the way to exchange information
between the frontend and backend. I found it hard to synchronize the access to the virtio-mmio layout without VMExits. I had to add some extra bits to allow

Can you explain how MMIOs to registers in virito-mmio layout (which I think means a configuration space?) will be propagated to BE?

Quoted 7 lines
Quoted 3 lines

In this PoC, the BE guest is created with a fixed number of regions
of memory that represents each device. The BE initializes these regions, and then, waits for the FEs to begin the initialization.

Let me ask you in another way; When FE tries to write a register in configuration space, say QueueSel, how is BE notified of this event?

In my PoC, it is never notified when FE writes to a register. For example, the QueueSel is only used in one of the steps of the device status configuration. The BE is only notified when the
FE is in that step. When the FE is setting up the vrings, it sets the address, set the QueueSel, and then blocks until the BE can get the values. The BE gets the values and resumes the FE, which moves to the next step.

Quoted 29 lines
Quoted 29 lines
Quoted 9 lines
Quoted 8 lines

the front-end and back-end to synchronize, which is required during the device-status initialization. These extra bits would not be needed in case the hypervisor supports VMExits, e.g., KVM.

Each guest has a memory region that is shared with the backend.
This memory region is used by the frontend to allocate the io-buffers. This region also maps the virtio-mmio layout that is initialized by the backend. For the moment, this region is defined when the guest is created. One limitation is that the memory for io-buffers is fixed.

Quoted 7 lines

So in summary, you have a single memory region that is used for virtio-mmio layout and io-buffers (I think they are for payload) and you assume that the region will be (at lease for now) statically shared between FE and BE so that you can eliminate 'mmap' at every time to access the payload.
Correct?

Yes, It is.

Quoted 9 lines

If so, it can be an alternative solution for memory access issue, and a similar technique is used in some implementations:
- (Jailhouse's) ivshmem
- Arnd's fat virtqueue

In either case, however, you will have to allocate payload from the region and so you will see some impact on FE code (at least at some low level). (In ivshmem, dma_ops in the kernel is defined for this purpose.) Correct?

Quoted 8 lines
Quoted 5 lines

Yes, It is. The FE implements a sort of malloc() to organize the allocation of io-buffers from that memory region.

Rethinking about the VMExits, I am not sure how this mechanism may be used when both the FE and the BE are VMs. The use of VMExits may require to involve the hypervisor.

Maybe I misunderstand something. Are FE/BE not VMs in your PoC?

Yes, both are VMs. I meant, in case that both are VMs AND a VMExit mechanism is used, such a mechanism would require the hypervisor to forward the traps. In my PoC, both are VMs BUT there is not a VMExit mechanism.

Matias

Quoted 144 lines

-Takahiro Akashi

Quoted 142 lines

Matias

Quoted 141 lines

-Takahiro Akashi

Quoted 138 lines

At some point, the guest shall be able to balloon this region. Notifications between the frontend and the backend are implemented by using an hypercall. The hypercall mechanism and the memory allocation are abstracted away by a platform layer that exposes an interface that is hypervisor/os agnostic.

I split the backend into a virtio-device driver and a
backend driver. The virtio-device driver is the virtqueues and the backend driver gets packets from the virtqueue for post-processing. For example, in the case of virtio-net, the backend driver would decide if the packet goes to the hardware or to another virtio-net device. The virtio-device drivers may be
implemented in different ways like by using a single thread, multiple threads, or one thread for all the virtio-devices.

In this PoC, I just tackled two very simple use-cases. These use-cases allowed me to extract some requirements for an hypervisor to support virtio.

Matias

Quoted 117 lines · Alex Bennée

Hi,

One of the goals of Project Stratos is to enable hypervisor agnostic backends so we can enable as much re-use of code as possible and avoid repeating ourselves. This is the flip side of the front end where multiple front-end implementations are required - one per OS, assuming you don't just want Linux guests. The resultant guests are trivially movable between hypervisors modulo any abstracted paravirt type interfaces.

In my original thumb nail sketch of a solution I envisioned vhost-user daemons running in a broadly POSIX like environment. The interface to the daemon is fairly simple requiring only some mapped memory and some sort of signalling for events (on Linux this is eventfd). The idea was a stub binary would be responsible for any hypervisor specific setup and then launch a common binary to deal with the actual virtqueue requests themselves.

Since that original sketch we've seen an expansion in the sort of ways backends could be created. There is interest in encapsulating backends in RTOSes or unikernels for solutions like SCMI. There interest in Rust has prompted ideas of using the trait interface to abstract differences away as well as the idea of bare-metal Rust backends.

We have a card (STR-12) called "Hypercall Standardisation" which calls for a description of the APIs needed from the hypervisor side to support VirtIO guests and their backends. However we are some way off from that at the moment as I think we need to at least demonstrate one portable backend before we start codifying requirements. To that end I want to think about what we need for a backend to function.

Configuration
=============

In the type-2 setup this is typically fairly simple because the host system can orchestrate the various modules that make up the complete system. In the type-1 case (or even type-2 with delegated service VMs) we need some sort of mechanism to inform the backend VM about key details about the system:

- where virt queue memory is in it's address space
- how it's going to receive (interrupt) and trigger (kick) events
- what (if any) resources the backend needs to connect to

Obviously you can elide over configuration issues by having static configurations and baking the assumptions into your guest images however this isn't scalable in the long term. The obvious solution seems to be extending a subset of Device Tree data to user space but perhaps there are other approaches?

Before any virtio transactions can take place the appropriate memory mappings need to be made between the FE guest and the BE guest. Currently the whole of the FE guests address space needs to be visible to whatever is serving the virtio requests. I can envision 3 approaches:

* BE guest boots with memory already mapped

This would entail the guest OS knowing where in it's Guest Physical Address space is already taken up and avoiding clashing. I would assume in this case you would want a standard interface to userspace to then make that address space visible to the backend daemon.

* BE guests boots with a hypervisor handle to memory

The BE guest is then free to map the FE's memory to where it wants in the BE's guest physical address space. To activate the mapping will require some sort of hypercall to the hypervisor. I can see two options at this point:

- expose the handle to userspace for daemon/helper to trigger the mapping via existing hypercall interfaces. If using a helper you would have a hypervisor specific one to avoid the daemon having to care too much about the details or push that complexity into a compile time option for the daemon which would result in different binaries although a common source base.

- expose a new kernel ABI to abstract the hypercall differences away in the guest kernel. In this case the userspace would essentially ask for an abstract "map guest N memory to userspace ptr" and let the kernel deal with the different hypercall interfaces. This of course assumes the majority of BE guests would be Linux kernels and leaves the bare-metal/unikernel approaches to their own devices.

Operation
=========

The core of the operation of VirtIO is fairly simple. Once the vhost-user feature negotiation is done it's a case of receiving update events and parsing the resultant virt queue for data. The vhost-user specification handles a bunch of setup before that point, mostly to detail where the virt queues are set up FD's for memory and event communication. This is where the envisioned stub process would be responsible for getting the daemon up and ready to run. This is currently done inside a big VMM like QEMU but I suspect a modern approach would be to use the rust-vmm vhost crate. It would then either communicate with the kernel's abstracted ABI or be re-targeted as a build option for the various hypervisors.

One question is how to best handle notification and kicks. The existing vhost-user framework uses eventfd to signal the daemon (although QEMU is quite capable of simulating them when you use TCG). Xen has it's own IOREQ mechanism. However latency is an important factor and having events go through the stub would add quite a lot.

Could we consider the kernel internally converting IOREQ messages from the Xen hypervisor to eventfd events? Would this scale with other kernel hypercall interfaces?

So any thoughts on what directions are worth experimenting with?

Signature · 5 lines
Alex Bennée

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#55 lore raw
In reply to Matias Ezequiel Vara Larsen
Quoted 10 lines · Matias Ezequiel Vara Larsen

Hello Alex,

I can tell you my experience from working on a PoC (library)
to allow the implementation of virtio-devices that are hypervisor/OS agnostic. I focused on two use cases:
1. type-I hypervisor in which the backend is running as a VM. This is an in-house hypervisor that does not support VMExits.
2. Linux user-space. In this case, the library is just used to communicate threads. The goal of this use case is merely testing.

Quoted 6 lines

I have chosen virtio-mmio as the way to exchange information
between the frontend and backend. I found it hard to synchronize the access to the virtio-mmio layout without VMExits. I had to add some extra bits to allow the front-end and back-end to synchronize, which is required
during the device-status initialization. These extra bits would not be needed in case the hypervisor supports VMExits, e.g., KVM.

The support for a vmexit seems rather fundamental to type-2 hypervisors (like KVM) as the VMM is intrinsically linked to a vCPUs run loop. This makes handling a condition like a bit of MMIO fairly natural to implement. For type-1 cases the line of execution between "guest accesses MMIO" and "something services that request" is a little trickier to pin down. Ultimately at that point you are relying on the hypervisor itself to make the scheduling decision to stop executing the guest and allow the backend to do it's thing. We don't really want to expose the exact details about that as it probably varies a lot between hypervisors. However would a backend API semantic that expresses:

- guest has done some MMIO
- hypervisor has stopped execution of guest
- guest will be restarted when response conditions are set by backend

cover the needs of a virtio backend and could the userspace facing portion of that be agnostic?

Quoted 24 lines

Each guest has a memory region that is shared with the backend.
This memory region is used by the frontend to allocate the io-buffers. This region also maps the virtio-mmio layout that is initialized by the backend. For the moment, this region is defined when the guest is created. One limitation is that the memory for io-buffers is fixed. At some point, the guest shall be able to balloon this region. Notifications between the frontend and the backend are implemented by using an hypercall. The hypercall mechanism and the memory allocation are abstracted away by a platform layer that exposes an interface that is hypervisor/os agnostic.

I split the backend into a virtio-device driver and a
backend driver. The virtio-device driver is the virtqueues and the backend driver gets packets from the virtqueue for post-processing. For example, in the case of virtio-net, the backend driver would decide if the packet goes to the hardware or to another virtio-net device. The virtio-device drivers may be
implemented in different ways like by using a single thread, multiple threads, or one thread for all the virtio-devices.

In this PoC, I just tackled two very simple use-cases. These use-cases allowed me to extract some requirements for an hypervisor to support virtio.

Matias

<snip>

Signature · 5 lines
Alex Bennée

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