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perf/core improvements and fixes

GIT PULL In review Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo 5 participants 14 messages Aug 10, 2015 – Aug 13, 2015 perf events

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Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo

author maintainer
#0 lore raw

Hi Ingo,

Please consider pulling,

- Arnaldo

The following changes since commit f1d800bf615b84ca253af372d2dac8cdef743a20:

Merge tag 'perf-ebpf-for-mingo' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/acme/linux into perf/core (2015-08-08 10:05:17 +0200)

are available in the git repository at:

git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/acme/linux.git tags/perf-core-for-mingo

for you to fetch changes up to 4605bb55b91449a1a953a51f0334d3bc02351adb:

perf evlist: Be more specific on -F/--freq (2015-08-10 17:20:26 -0300)

----------------------------------------------------------------
perf/core improvements and fixes:

User visible:

- Introduce 'srcfile' sort key: (Andi Kleen)

  # perf record -F 10000 usleep 1
  # perf report --stdio --dsos '[kernel.vmlinux]' -s srcfile
  <SNIP>
  # Overhead  Source File
      26.49%  copy_page_64.S
       5.49%  signal.c
       0.51%  msr.h
  #

It can be combined with other fields, for instance, experiment with '-s srcfile,symbol'.

There are some oddities in some distros and with some specific DSOs, being investigated, so your mileage may vary.

- Update the column width for the "srcline" sort key (Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo)

- Support per-event 'freq' term: (Namhyung Kim)

  $ perf record -e 'cpu/instructions,freq=1234/',cycles -c 1000 sleep 1
  $ perf evlist -F
  cpu/instructions,freq=1234/: sample_freq=1234
  cycles: sample_period=1000
  $

Infrastructure:

- Move perf_counts struct and functions into separate object (Jiri Olsa)

- Unset perf_event_attr::freq when period term is set (Jiri Olsa)

- Move callchain option parsing code to util.c (Kan Liang)

----------------------------------------------------------------
Andi Kleen (2):
perf tools: Support full source file paths for srcline perf report: Add support for srcfile sort key

Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo (2):
perf hists: hist_entry__cmp() may use he_tmp.hists, initialize it perf hists: Update the column width for the "srcline" sort key

Jiri Olsa (2):
perf stat: Move perf_counts struct and functions into separate object perf tools: Unset perf_event_attr::freq when period term is set

Kan Liang (1):
perf callchain: Move option parsing code to util.c

Namhyung Kim (2):
perf record: Support per-event freq term
perf evlist: Be more specific on -F/--freq

 tools/perf/Documentation/perf-record.txt |  1 +
 tools/perf/Documentation/perf-report.txt |  4 ++
 tools/perf/Documentation/perf-script.txt |  3 ++
 tools/perf/builtin-report.c              |  2 +
 tools/perf/builtin-script.c              |  2 +
 tools/perf/builtin-stat.c                |  1 +
 tools/perf/util/Build                    |  1 +
 tools/perf/util/callchain.c              | 89 +------------------------------
 tools/perf/util/callchain.h              |  1 +
 tools/perf/util/counts.c                 | 52 ++++++++++++++++++
 tools/perf/util/counts.h                 | 37 +++++++++++++
 tools/perf/util/evsel.c                  | 14 ++++-
 tools/perf/util/evsel.h                  |  4 +-
 tools/perf/util/hist.c                   |  9 ++++
 tools/perf/util/hist.h                   |  1 +
 tools/perf/util/parse-events.c           |  6 +++
 tools/perf/util/parse-events.h           |  1 +
 tools/perf/util/parse-events.l           |  1 +
 tools/perf/util/pmu.c                    |  2 +-
 tools/perf/util/python-ext-sources       |  2 +-
 tools/perf/util/sort.c                   | 52 ++++++++++++++++++
 tools/perf/util/sort.h                   |  2 +
 tools/perf/util/srcline.c                |  6 ++-
 tools/perf/util/stat.c                   | 49 -----------------
 tools/perf/util/stat.h                   | 30 -----------
 tools/perf/util/util.c                   | 90 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 tools/perf/util/util.h                   |  3 ++
 27 files changed, 292 insertions(+), 173 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 tools/perf/util/counts.c
 create mode 100644 tools/perf/util/counts.h
author maintainer
#1 lore raw

PATCH 1/9 perf stat: Move perf_counts struct and functions into separate object

From: Jiri Olsa <[email protected]>

Moving 'struct perf_counts' and associated functions into separate object, so we could remove stat.c object dependency from python build.

It makes the python code to build properly, because it fails to load due to missing stat-shadow.c object dependency if some patches from Kan Liang are applied.

So apply this one, then Kan's.

---
 tools/perf/builtin-stat.c          |  1 +
 tools/perf/util/Build              |  1 +
 tools/perf/util/counts.c           | 52 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 tools/perf/util/counts.h           | 37 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 tools/perf/util/evsel.h            |  2 +-
 tools/perf/util/python-ext-sources |  2 +-
 tools/perf/util/stat.c             | 49 -----------------------------------
 tools/perf/util/stat.h             | 30 ----------------------
 8 files changed, 93 insertions(+), 81 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 tools/perf/util/counts.c
 create mode 100644 tools/perf/util/counts.h
tools/perf/builtin-stat.c +1 -0
index a054ddc0b2a0..7aa039bd379a 100644
@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@
 #include "util/cpumap.h"
 #include "util/thread.h"
 #include "util/thread_map.h"
+#include "util/counts.h"
 
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <sys/prctl.h>
tools/perf/util/Build +1 -0
index 2ee81d74cf45..1ce0adc8b3cb 100644
@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@ libperf-y += target.o
 libperf-y += rblist.o
 libperf-y += intlist.o
 libperf-y += vdso.o
+libperf-y += counts.o
 libperf-y += stat.o
 libperf-y += stat-shadow.o
 libperf-y += record.o
tools/perf/util/counts.c new file +52 -0

52 lines not on this page · raw message

tools/perf/util/counts.h new file +37 -0
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..34d8baaf558a
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+#ifndef __PERF_COUNTS_H
+#define __PERF_COUNTS_H
+
+#include "xyarray.h"
+
+struct perf_counts_values {
+	union {
+		struct {
+			u64 val;
+			u64 ena;
+			u64 run;
+		};
+		u64 values[3];
+	};
+};
+
+struct perf_counts {
+	s8			  scaled;
+	struct perf_counts_values aggr;
+	struct xyarray		  *values;
+};
+
+
+static inline struct perf_counts_values*
+perf_counts(struct perf_counts *counts, int cpu, int thread)
+{
+	return xyarray__entry(counts->values, cpu, thread);
+}
+
+struct perf_counts *perf_counts__new(int ncpus, int nthreads);
+void perf_counts__delete(struct perf_counts *counts);
+
+void perf_evsel__reset_counts(struct perf_evsel *evsel);
+int perf_evsel__alloc_counts(struct perf_evsel *evsel, int ncpus, int nthreads);
+void perf_evsel__free_counts(struct perf_evsel *evsel);
+
+#endif /* __PERF_COUNTS_H */
tools/perf/util/evsel.h +1 -1
index 6a129081f3ad..b948f69d2558 100644
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 #include "xyarray.h"
 #include "symbol.h"
 #include "cpumap.h"
-#include "stat.h"
+#include "counts.h"
 
 struct perf_evsel;
 
tools/perf/util/python-ext-sources +1 -1
index 0766d98c5da5..51be28b1bca2 100644
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ util/util.c
 util/xyarray.c
 util/cgroup.c
 util/rblist.c
-util/stat.c
+util/counts.c
 util/strlist.c
 util/trace-event.c
 ../lib/rbtree.c
tools/perf/util/stat.c +0 -49

55 lines not on this page · raw message

tools/perf/util/stat.h +0 -30
index 0b897b083682..62448c8175d3 100644
@@ -33,23 +33,6 @@ enum aggr_mode {
 	AGGR_THREAD,
 };
 
-struct perf_counts_values {
-	union {
-		struct {
-			u64 val;
-			u64 ena;
-			u64 run;
-		};
-		u64 values[3];
-	};
-};
-
-struct perf_counts {
-	s8			  scaled;
-	struct perf_counts_values aggr;
-	struct xyarray		  *values;
-};
-
 struct perf_stat_config {
 	enum aggr_mode	aggr_mode;
 	bool		scale;
@@ -57,12 +40,6 @@ struct perf_stat_config {
 	unsigned int	interval;
 };
 
-static inline struct perf_counts_values*
-perf_counts(struct perf_counts *counts, int cpu, int thread)
-{
-	return xyarray__entry(counts->values, cpu, thread);
-}
-
 void update_stats(struct stats *stats, u64 val);
 double avg_stats(struct stats *stats);
 double stddev_stats(struct stats *stats);
@@ -96,13 +73,6 @@ void perf_stat__update_shadow_stats(struct perf_evsel *counter, u64 *count,
 void perf_stat__print_shadow_stats(FILE *out, struct perf_evsel *evsel,
 				   double avg, int cpu, enum aggr_mode aggr);
 
-struct perf_counts *perf_counts__new(int ncpus, int nthreads);
-void perf_counts__delete(struct perf_counts *counts);
-
-void perf_evsel__reset_counts(struct perf_evsel *evsel);
-int perf_evsel__alloc_counts(struct perf_evsel *evsel, int ncpus, int nthreads);
-void perf_evsel__free_counts(struct perf_evsel *evsel);
-
 void perf_evsel__reset_stat_priv(struct perf_evsel *evsel);
 int perf_evsel__alloc_stat_priv(struct perf_evsel *evsel);
 void perf_evsel__free_stat_priv(struct perf_evsel *evsel);
Signature · 1 line
2.1.0
author maintainer
#2 lore raw

PATCH 2/9 perf callchain: Move option parsing code to util.c

In reply to Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo

From: Kan Liang <[email protected]>

Move callchain option parse related code to util.c, to avoid dragging more object files into the python binding.

---
 tools/perf/util/callchain.c | 89 +-------------------------------------------
 tools/perf/util/callchain.h |  1 +
 tools/perf/util/util.c      | 90 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 tools/perf/util/util.h      |  2 +
 4 files changed, 94 insertions(+), 88 deletions(-)
tools/perf/util/callchain.c +1 -88
index 931cca8e6ae8..773fe13ce627 100644
@@ -25,96 +25,9 @@
 
 __thread struct callchain_cursor callchain_cursor;
 
-#ifdef HAVE_DWARF_UNWIND_SUPPORT
-static int get_stack_size(const char *str, unsigned long *_size)
-{
-	char *endptr;
-	unsigned long size;
-	unsigned long max_size = round_down(USHRT_MAX, sizeof(u64));
-
-	size = strtoul(str, &endptr, 0);
-
-	do {
-		if (*endptr)
-			break;
-
-		size = round_up(size, sizeof(u64));
-		if (!size || size > max_size)
-			break;
-
-		*_size = size;
-		return 0;
-
-	} while (0);
-
-	pr_err("callchain: Incorrect stack dump size (max %ld): %s\n",
-	       max_size, str);
-	return -1;
-}
-#endif /* HAVE_DWARF_UNWIND_SUPPORT */
-
 int parse_callchain_record_opt(const char *arg, struct callchain_param *param)
 {
-	char *tok, *name, *saveptr = NULL;
-	char *buf;
-	int ret = -1;
-
-	/* We need buffer that we know we can write to. */
-	buf = malloc(strlen(arg) + 1);
-	if (!buf)
-		return -ENOMEM;
-
-	strcpy(buf, arg);
-
-	tok = strtok_r((char *)buf, ",", &saveptr);
-	name = tok ? : (char *)buf;
-
-	do {
-		/* Framepointer style */
-		if (!strncmp(name, "fp", sizeof("fp"))) {
-			if (!strtok_r(NULL, ",", &saveptr)) {
-				param->record_mode = CALLCHAIN_FP;
-				ret = 0;
-			} else
-				pr_err("callchain: No more arguments "
-				       "needed for --call-graph fp\n");
-			break;
-
-#ifdef HAVE_DWARF_UNWIND_SUPPORT
-		/* Dwarf style */
-		} else if (!strncmp(name, "dwarf", sizeof("dwarf"))) {
-			const unsigned long default_stack_dump_size = 8192;
-
-			ret = 0;
-			param->record_mode = CALLCHAIN_DWARF;
-			param->dump_size = default_stack_dump_size;
-
-			tok = strtok_r(NULL, ",", &saveptr);
-			if (tok) {
-				unsigned long size = 0;
-
-				ret = get_stack_size(tok, &size);
-				param->dump_size = size;
-			}
-#endif /* HAVE_DWARF_UNWIND_SUPPORT */
-		} else if (!strncmp(name, "lbr", sizeof("lbr"))) {
-			if (!strtok_r(NULL, ",", &saveptr)) {
-				param->record_mode = CALLCHAIN_LBR;
-				ret = 0;
-			} else
-				pr_err("callchain: No more arguments "
-					"needed for --call-graph lbr\n");
-			break;
-		} else {
-			pr_err("callchain: Unknown --call-graph option "
-			       "value: %s\n", arg);
-			break;
-		}
-
-	} while (0);
-
-	free(buf);
-	return ret;
+	return parse_callchain_record(arg, param);
 }
 
 static int parse_callchain_mode(const char *value)
tools/perf/util/callchain.h +1 -0
index 68a32c2fe87a..acee2b3cd801 100644
@@ -177,6 +177,7 @@ int fill_callchain_info(struct addr_location *al, struct callchain_cursor_node *
 			bool hide_unresolved);
 
 extern const char record_callchain_help[];
+extern int parse_callchain_record(const char *arg, struct callchain_param *param);
 int parse_callchain_record_opt(const char *arg, struct callchain_param *param);
 int parse_callchain_report_opt(const char *arg);
 int perf_callchain_config(const char *var, const char *value);
tools/perf/util/util.c +90 -0

96 lines not on this page · raw message

tools/perf/util/util.h +2 -0
index 20d625a4cacf..81487037acf7 100644
@@ -351,4 +351,6 @@ static inline char *asprintf_expr_not_in_ints(const char *var, size_t nints, int
 	return asprintf_expr_inout_ints(var, false, nints, ints);
 }
 
+int get_stack_size(const char *str, unsigned long *_size);
+
 #endif /* GIT_COMPAT_UTIL_H */
Signature · 1 line
2.1.0
author maintainer
#3 lore raw

PATCH 3/9 perf tools: Support full source file paths for srcline

In reply to Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo

From: Andi Kleen <[email protected]>

For perf report/script srcline currently only the base file name of the source file is printed. This is a good default because it usually fits on the screen.

But in some cases we want to know the full file name, for example to aggregate hits per file.

In the later case we need more than the base file name to resolve file naming collisions: for example the kernel source has ~70 files named "core.c"

It's also useful as input to post processing tools which want to point to the right file.

Add a flag to allow full file name output.

Add an option to perf report/script to enable this option.

---
 tools/perf/Documentation/perf-report.txt | 2 ++
 tools/perf/Documentation/perf-script.txt | 3 +++
 tools/perf/builtin-report.c              | 2 ++
 tools/perf/builtin-script.c              | 2 ++
 tools/perf/util/srcline.c                | 6 +++++-
 tools/perf/util/util.h                   | 1 +
 6 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
tools/perf/Documentation/perf-report.txt +2 -0
index 960da203ec11..1a782ef02b68 100644
@@ -354,6 +354,8 @@ OPTIONS
 
 	To disable decoding entirely, use --no-itrace.
 
+--full-source-path::
+	Show the full path for source files for srcline output.
 
 include::callchain-overhead-calculation.txt[]
 
tools/perf/Documentation/perf-script.txt +3 -0
index e2fec5fc21e7..8e9be1f9c1dd 100644
@@ -260,6 +260,9 @@ OPTIONS
 
 	To disable decoding entirely, use --no-itrace.
 
+--full-source-path::
+	Show the full path for source files for srcline output.
+
 SEE ALSO
 --------
 linkperf:perf-record[1], linkperf:perf-script-perl[1],
tools/perf/builtin-report.c +2 -0
index 3a9d1b659fcd..f301e865001f 100644
@@ -738,6 +738,8 @@ int cmd_report(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix __maybe_unused)
 	OPT_CALLBACK_OPTARG(0, "itrace", &itrace_synth_opts, NULL, "opts",
 			    "Instruction Tracing options",
 			    itrace_parse_synth_opts),
+	OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "full-source-path", &srcline_full_filename,
+			"Show full source file name path for source lines"),
 	OPT_END()
 	};
 	struct perf_data_file file = {
tools/perf/builtin-script.c +2 -0
index 7912feb9a024..7b376d215e94 100644
@@ -1653,6 +1653,8 @@ int cmd_script(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix __maybe_unused)
 	OPT_CALLBACK_OPTARG(0, "itrace", &itrace_synth_opts, NULL, "opts",
 			    "Instruction Tracing options",
 			    itrace_parse_synth_opts),
+	OPT_BOOLEAN(0, "full-source-path", &srcline_full_filename,
+			"Show full source file name path for source lines"),
 	OPT_END()
 	};
 	const char * const script_subcommands[] = { "record", "report", NULL };
tools/perf/util/srcline.c +5 -1
index c93fb0c5bd0b..fc08248f08ca 100644
@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@
 
 #include "symbol.h"
 
+bool srcline_full_filename;
+
 #ifdef HAVE_LIBBFD_SUPPORT
 
 /*
@@ -277,7 +279,9 @@ char *get_srcline(struct dso *dso, u64 addr, struct symbol *sym,
 	if (!addr2line(dso_name, addr, &file, &line, dso))
 		goto out;
 
-	if (asprintf(&srcline, "%s:%u", basename(file), line) < 0) {
+	if (asprintf(&srcline, "%s:%u",
+				srcline_full_filename ? file : basename(file),
+				line) < 0) {
 		free(file);
 		goto out;
 	}
tools/perf/util/util.h +1 -0
index 81487037acf7..88a891562a47 100644
@@ -318,6 +318,7 @@ static inline int path__join3(char *bf, size_t size,
 struct dso;
 struct symbol;
 
+extern bool srcline_full_filename;
 char *get_srcline(struct dso *dso, u64 addr, struct symbol *sym,
 		  bool show_sym);
 void free_srcline(char *srcline);
Signature · 1 line
2.1.0
author maintainer
#4 lore raw

PATCH 4/9 perf tools: Unset perf_event_attr::freq when period term is set

In reply to Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo

From: Jiri Olsa <[email protected]>

We need to unset 'perf_event_attr::freq' bit (default 1) when 'period' term is specified within event definition like:

-e 'cpu/cpu-cycles,call-graph=fp,time,period=100000'

otherwise it will handle the period value as frequency (and fail if it crossed the maximum allowed frequency value).

---
 tools/perf/util/evsel.c | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
tools/perf/util/evsel.c +1 -0
index f572f469a30d..a59710f88d8a 100644
@@ -598,6 +598,7 @@ static void apply_config_terms(struct perf_evsel *evsel)
 		switch (term->type) {
 		case PERF_EVSEL__CONFIG_TERM_PERIOD:
 			attr->sample_period = term->val.period;
+			attr->freq = 0;
 			break;
 		case PERF_EVSEL__CONFIG_TERM_TIME:
 			if (term->val.time)
Signature · 1 line
2.1.0
author maintainer
#5 lore raw

PATCH 5/9 perf hists: hist_entry__cmp() may use he_tmp.hists, initialize it

In reply to Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo

From: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <[email protected]>

The iter_add_next_cumulative_entry() function calls hist_entry__cmp(), which may want to access the hists where this hist_entry is stored, initialize it to let that happen and avoid segfaults.

Cc Adrian Hunter <[email protected]>
Cc Borislav Petkov <[email protected]>
Cc David Ahern <[email protected]>
Cc Frederic Weisbecker <[email protected]>
Cc Jiri Olsa <[email protected]>
Cc Namhyung Kim <[email protected]>
Cc Stephane Eranian <[email protected]>
---
 tools/perf/util/hist.c | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
tools/perf/util/hist.c +1 -0
index a6e9ddd37913..2fe6ea39e257 100644
@@ -761,6 +761,7 @@ iter_add_next_cumulative_entry(struct hist_entry_iter *iter,
 	struct hist_entry **he_cache = iter->priv;
 	struct hist_entry *he;
 	struct hist_entry he_tmp = {
+		.hists = evsel__hists(evsel),
 		.cpu = al->cpu,
 		.thread = al->thread,
 		.comm = thread__comm(al->thread),
Signature · 1 line
2.1.0
author maintainer
#6 lore raw

PATCH 6/9 perf hists: Update the column width for the "srcline" sort key

In reply to Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo

From: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <[email protected]>

When we introduce a new sort key, we need to update the hists__calc_col_len() function accordingly, otherwise the width will be limited to strlen(header).

We can't update it when obtaining a line value for a column (for instance, in sort__srcline_cmp()), because we reset it all when doing a resort (see hists__output_recalc_col_len()), so we need to, from what is in the hist_entry fields, set each of the column widths.

Cc Namhyung Kim <[email protected]>
Cc Andi Kleen <[email protected]>
Cc Jiri Olsa <[email protected]>
Fixes 409a8be61560 ("perf tools: Add sort by src line/number")
---
 tools/perf/util/hist.c | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)
tools/perf/util/hist.c +3 -0
index 2fe6ea39e257..608c0a7fd0f4 100644
@@ -151,6 +151,9 @@ void hists__calc_col_len(struct hists *hists, struct hist_entry *h)
 	hists__new_col_len(hists, HISTC_LOCAL_WEIGHT, 12);
 	hists__new_col_len(hists, HISTC_GLOBAL_WEIGHT, 12);
 
+	if (h->srcline)
+		hists__new_col_len(hists, HISTC_SRCLINE, strlen(h->srcline));
+
 	if (h->transaction)
 		hists__new_col_len(hists, HISTC_TRANSACTION,
 				   hist_entry__transaction_len());
Signature · 1 line
2.1.0
author maintainer
#7 lore raw

PATCH 7/9 perf report: Add support for srcfile sort key

In reply to Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo

From: Andi Kleen <[email protected]>

In some cases it's useful to characterize samples by file. This is useful to get a higher level categorization, for example to map cost to subsystems.

Add a srcfile sort key to perf report. It builds on top of the existing srcline support.

Commiter notes:

E.g.:

  # perf record -F 10000 usleep 1
  [ perf record: Woken up 1 times to write data ]
  [ perf record: Captured and wrote 0.016 MB perf.data (13 samples) ]
  [root@zoo ~]# perf report -s srcfile --stdio
  # Total Lost Samples: 0
  #
  # Samples: 13  of event 'cycles'
  # Event count (approx.): 869878
  #
  # Overhead  Source File
  # ........  ...........
      60.99%  .
      20.62%  paravirt.h
      14.23%  rmap.c
       4.04%  signal.c
       0.11%  msr.h

#

The first line is collecting all the files for which srcfiles couldn't somehow get resolved to:

  # perf report -s srcfile,dso --stdio
  # Total Lost Samples: 0
  #
  # Samples: 13  of event 'cycles'
  # Event count (approx.): 869878
  #
  # Overhead  Source File  Shared Object
  # ........  ...........  ................
      40.97%  .            ld-2.20.so
      20.62%  paravirt.h   [kernel.vmlinux]
      20.02%  .            libc-2.20.so
      14.23%  rmap.c       [kernel.vmlinux]
       4.04%  signal.c     [kernel.vmlinux]
       0.11%  msr.h        [kernel.vmlinux]

#

XXX: Investigate why that is not resolving on Fedora 21, Andi says he hasn't
seen this on Fedora 22.

Cc Jiri Olsa <[email protected]>
Cc Namhyung Kim <[email protected]>
[ Added column length update, from 0e65bdb3f90f ('perf hists: Update the column width for the "srcline" sort key') ]
---
 tools/perf/Documentation/perf-report.txt |  2 ++
 tools/perf/util/hist.c                   |  5 +++
 tools/perf/util/hist.h                   |  1 +
 tools/perf/util/sort.c                   | 52 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 tools/perf/util/sort.h                   |  2 ++
 5 files changed, 62 insertions(+)
tools/perf/Documentation/perf-report.txt +2 -0
index 1a782ef02b68..7b07d19e2d54 100644
@@ -81,6 +81,8 @@ OPTIONS
 	- cpu: cpu number the task ran at the time of sample
 	- srcline: filename and line number executed at the time of sample.  The
 	DWARF debugging info must be provided.
+	- srcfile: file name of the source file of the same. Requires dwarf
+	information.
 	- weight: Event specific weight, e.g. memory latency or transaction
 	abort cost. This is the global weight.
 	- local_weight: Local weight version of the weight above.
tools/perf/util/hist.c +5 -0
index 608c0a7fd0f4..6bccfae334b1 100644
@@ -154,6 +154,9 @@ void hists__calc_col_len(struct hists *hists, struct hist_entry *h)
 	if (h->srcline)
 		hists__new_col_len(hists, HISTC_SRCLINE, strlen(h->srcline));
 
+	if (h->srcfile)
+		hists__new_col_len(hists, HISTC_SRCFILE, strlen(h->srcfile));
+
 	if (h->transaction)
 		hists__new_col_len(hists, HISTC_TRANSACTION,
 				   hist_entry__transaction_len());
@@ -949,6 +952,8 @@ void hist_entry__delete(struct hist_entry *he)
 
 	zfree(&he->stat_acc);
 	free_srcline(he->srcline);
+	if (he->srcfile && he->srcfile[0])
+		free(he->srcfile);
 	free_callchain(he->callchain);
 	free(he);
 }
tools/perf/util/hist.h +1 -0
index e2f712f85d2e..bc528d54e457 100644
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ enum hist_column {
 	HISTC_PARENT,
 	HISTC_CPU,
 	HISTC_SRCLINE,
+	HISTC_SRCFILE,
 	HISTC_MISPREDICT,
 	HISTC_IN_TX,
 	HISTC_ABORT,
tools/perf/util/sort.c +52 -0

64 lines not on this page · raw message

tools/perf/util/sort.h +2 -0
index bc6c87a76d16..3c2a399f8f5b 100644
@@ -114,6 +114,7 @@ struct hist_entry {
 		};
 	};
 	char			*srcline;
+	char			*srcfile;
 	struct symbol		*parent;
 	struct rb_root		sorted_chain;
 	struct branch_info	*branch_info;
@@ -172,6 +173,7 @@ enum sort_type {
 	SORT_PARENT,
 	SORT_CPU,
 	SORT_SRCLINE,
+	SORT_SRCFILE,
 	SORT_LOCAL_WEIGHT,
 	SORT_GLOBAL_WEIGHT,
 	SORT_TRANSACTION,
Signature · 1 line
2.1.0
maintainer
#8 lore raw

Re: [PATCH 7/9] perf report: Add support for srcfile sort key

Quoted 127 lines · Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo

From: Andi Kleen <[email protected]>

In some cases it's useful to characterize samples by file. This is useful to get a higher level categorization, for example to map cost to subsystems.

Add a srcfile sort key to perf report. It builds on top of the existing srcline support.

Commiter notes:

E.g.:

  # perf record -F 10000 usleep 1
  [ perf record: Woken up 1 times to write data ]
  [ perf record: Captured and wrote 0.016 MB perf.data (13 samples) ]
  [root@zoo ~]# perf report -s srcfile --stdio
  # Total Lost Samples: 0
  #
  # Samples: 13  of event 'cycles'
  # Event count (approx.): 869878
  #
  # Overhead  Source File
  # ........  ...........
      60.99%  .
      20.62%  paravirt.h
      14.23%  rmap.c
       4.04%  signal.c
       0.11%  msr.h

#

The first line is collecting all the files for which srcfiles couldn't somehow get resolved to:

  # perf report -s srcfile,dso --stdio
  # Total Lost Samples: 0
  #
  # Samples: 13  of event 'cycles'
  # Event count (approx.): 869878
  #
  # Overhead  Source File  Shared Object
  # ........  ...........  ................
      40.97%  .            ld-2.20.so
      20.62%  paravirt.h   [kernel.vmlinux]
      20.02%  .            libc-2.20.so
      14.23%  rmap.c       [kernel.vmlinux]
       4.04%  signal.c     [kernel.vmlinux]
       0.11%  msr.h        [kernel.vmlinux]

#

XXX: Investigate why that is not resolving on Fedora 21, Andi says he hasn't
seen this on Fedora 22.

Cc Jiri Olsa <[email protected]>
Cc Namhyung Kim <[email protected]>
[ Added column length update, from 0e65bdb3f90f ('perf hists: Update the column width for the "srcline" sort key') ]
---
 tools/perf/Documentation/perf-report.txt |  2 ++
 tools/perf/util/hist.c                   |  5 +++
 tools/perf/util/hist.h                   |  1 +
 tools/perf/util/sort.c                   | 52 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 tools/perf/util/sort.h                   |  2 ++
 5 files changed, 62 insertions(+)
tools/perf/Documentation/perf-report.txt +2 -0
index 1a782ef02b68..7b07d19e2d54 100644
@@ -81,6 +81,8 @@ OPTIONS
 	- cpu: cpu number the task ran at the time of sample
 	- srcline: filename and line number executed at the time of sample.  The
 	DWARF debugging info must be provided.
+	- srcfile: file name of the source file of the same. Requires dwarf
+	information.
 	- weight: Event specific weight, e.g. memory latency or transaction
 	abort cost. This is the global weight.
 	- local_weight: Local weight version of the weight above.
tools/perf/util/hist.c +5 -0
index 608c0a7fd0f4..6bccfae334b1 100644
@@ -154,6 +154,9 @@ void hists__calc_col_len(struct hists *hists, struct hist_entry *h)
 	if (h->srcline)
 		hists__new_col_len(hists, HISTC_SRCLINE, strlen(h->srcline));
 
+	if (h->srcfile)
+		hists__new_col_len(hists, HISTC_SRCFILE, strlen(h->srcfile));
+
 	if (h->transaction)
 		hists__new_col_len(hists, HISTC_TRANSACTION,
 				   hist_entry__transaction_len());
@@ -949,6 +952,8 @@ void hist_entry__delete(struct hist_entry *he)
 
 	zfree(&he->stat_acc);
 	free_srcline(he->srcline);
+	if (he->srcfile && he->srcfile[0])
+		free(he->srcfile);
 	free_callchain(he->callchain);
 	free(he);
 }
tools/perf/util/hist.h +1 -0
index e2f712f85d2e..bc528d54e457 100644
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ enum hist_column {
 	HISTC_PARENT,
 	HISTC_CPU,
 	HISTC_SRCLINE,
+	HISTC_SRCFILE,
 	HISTC_MISPREDICT,
 	HISTC_IN_TX,
 	HISTC_ABORT,
tools/perf/util/sort.c +1 -0
index 5177088a71d3..c0c32b050e45 100644
@@ -319,6 +319,57 @@ struct sort_entry sort_srcline = {
 	.se_width_idx	= HISTC_SRCLINE,
 };
 
+/* --sort srcfile */

tools/perf/util/sort.c struct sort_entry sort_srcline = { · line 332

Quoted 10 lines
tools/perf/util/sort.c +10 -0
+
+static char no_srcfile[1];
+
+static char *get_srcfile(struct hist_entry *e)
+{
+	char *sf, *p;
+	struct map *map = e->ms.map;
+
+	sf = get_srcline(map->dso, map__rip_2objdump(map, e->ip),
+			 e->ms.sym, true);

AFAIK get_srcline() can return a string literal SRCLINE_UNKNOWN. It should not be freed or altered..

Thanks,
Namhyung

Quoted 74 lines
tools/perf/util/sort.c +41 -0
+	p = strchr(sf, ':');
+	if (p && *sf) {
+		*p = 0;
+		return sf;
+	}
+	free(sf);
+	return no_srcfile;
+}
+
+static int64_t
+sort__srcfile_cmp(struct hist_entry *left, struct hist_entry *right)
+{
+	if (!left->srcfile) {
+		if (!left->ms.map)
+			left->srcfile = no_srcfile;
+		else
+			left->srcfile = get_srcfile(left);
+	}
+	if (!right->srcfile) {
+		if (!right->ms.map)
+			right->srcfile = no_srcfile;
+		else
+			right->srcfile = get_srcfile(right);
+	}
+	return strcmp(right->srcfile, left->srcfile);
+}
+
+static int hist_entry__srcfile_snprintf(struct hist_entry *he, char *bf,
+					size_t size, unsigned int width)
+{
+	return repsep_snprintf(bf, size, "%-*.*s", width, width, he->srcfile);
+}
+
+struct sort_entry sort_srcfile = {
+	.se_header	= "Source File",
+	.se_cmp		= sort__srcfile_cmp,
+	.se_snprintf	= hist_entry__srcfile_snprintf,
+	.se_width_idx	= HISTC_SRCFILE,
+};
+
 /* --sort parent */
 
 static int64_t
@@ -1196,6 +1247,7 @@ static struct sort_dimension common_sort_dimensions[] = {
 	DIM(SORT_PARENT, "parent", sort_parent),
 	DIM(SORT_CPU, "cpu", sort_cpu),
 	DIM(SORT_SRCLINE, "srcline", sort_srcline),
+	DIM(SORT_SRCFILE, "srcfile", sort_srcfile),
 	DIM(SORT_LOCAL_WEIGHT, "local_weight", sort_local_weight),
 	DIM(SORT_GLOBAL_WEIGHT, "weight", sort_global_weight),
 	DIM(SORT_TRANSACTION, "transaction", sort_transaction),
tools/perf/util/sort.h +2 -0
index bc6c87a76d16..3c2a399f8f5b 100644
@@ -114,6 +114,7 @@ struct hist_entry {
 		};
 	};
 	char			*srcline;
+	char			*srcfile;
 	struct symbol		*parent;
 	struct rb_root		sorted_chain;
 	struct branch_info	*branch_info;
@@ -172,6 +173,7 @@ enum sort_type {
 	SORT_PARENT,
 	SORT_CPU,
 	SORT_SRCLINE,
+	SORT_SRCFILE,
 	SORT_LOCAL_WEIGHT,
 	SORT_GLOBAL_WEIGHT,
 	SORT_TRANSACTION,
Signature · 1 line
2.1.0
#9 lore raw

Re: [PATCH 7/9] perf report: Add support for srcfile sort key

Quoted 3 lines

AFAIK get_srcline() can return a string literal SRCLINE_UNKNOWN. It should not be freed or altered..

Good point. Here's a patch.

---

perf, tools: Check for SRCLINE_UNKNOWN case in srcline

Handle the SRCLINE_UNKNOWN case correctly when processing srcfile.

Pointed out by Namhyung.

tools/perf/util/sort.c +2 -0
index c0c32b0..7e38716 100644
@@ -330,6 +330,8 @@ static char *get_srcfile(struct hist_entry *e)
 
 	sf = get_srcline(map->dso, map__rip_2objdump(map, e->ip),
 			 e->ms.sym, true);
+	if (!strcmp(sf, SRCLINE_UNKNOWN))
+		return no_srcfile;
 	p = strchr(sf, ':');
 	if (p && *sf) {
 		*p = 0;
#10 lore raw

[tip:perf/core] perf sort: Check for SRCLINE_UNKNOWN case in " srcfile" processing

perf sort: Check for SRCLINE_UNKNOWN case in "srcfile" processing
Commit-ID:  76b10655818c939e257377f83992975a5f55ffb3
Gitweb:     http://git.kernel.org/tip/76b10655818c939e257377f83992975a5f55ffb3
Author:     Andi Kleen <[email protected]>
AuthorDate: Tue, 11 Aug 2015 06:36:55 -0700
Committer:  Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <[email protected]>
CommitDate: Wed, 12 Aug 2015 10:27:02 -0300

perf sort: Check for SRCLINE_UNKNOWN case in "srcfile" processing

Handle the SRCLINE_UNKNOWN case correctly when processing "srcfile".

Commiter note:

We can't just free it, as it was't allocated via malloc, its a guard variable.

---
 tools/perf/util/sort.c | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)
tools/perf/util/sort.c +2 -0
index c0c32b0..7e38716 100644
@@ -330,6 +330,8 @@ static char *get_srcfile(struct hist_entry *e)
 
 	sf = get_srcline(map->dso, map__rip_2objdump(map, e->ip),
 			 e->ms.sym, true);
+	if (!strcmp(sf, SRCLINE_UNKNOWN))
+		return no_srcfile;
 	p = strchr(sf, ':');
 	if (p && *sf) {
 		*p = 0;
author maintainer
#11 lore raw

PATCH 8/9 perf record: Support per-event freq term

In reply to Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo

From: Namhyung Kim <[email protected]>

Now perf can set per-event value of time and (sampling) period. But I guess most users like me just want to set frequency rather than period. So add the 'freq' term in the event parser.

---
 tools/perf/Documentation/perf-record.txt | 1 +
 tools/perf/util/evsel.c                  | 4 ++++
 tools/perf/util/evsel.h                  | 2 ++
 tools/perf/util/parse-events.c           | 6 ++++++
 tools/perf/util/parse-events.h           | 1 +
 tools/perf/util/parse-events.l           | 1 +
 tools/perf/util/pmu.c                    | 2 +-
 7 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
tools/perf/Documentation/perf-record.txt +1 -0
index 0d852d1bc90f..afbe45ef7e3e 100644
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ OPTIONS
 	  These params can be used to overload default config values per event.
 	  Here is a list of the params.
 	  - 'period': Set event sampling period
+	  - 'freq': Set event sampling frequency
 	  - 'time': Disable/enable time stamping. Acceptable values are 1 for
 		    enabling time stamping. 0 for disabling time stamping.
 		    The default is 1.
tools/perf/util/evsel.c +4 -0
index a59710f88d8a..f664a22b5fea 100644
@@ -600,6 +600,10 @@ static void apply_config_terms(struct perf_evsel *evsel)
 			attr->sample_period = term->val.period;
 			attr->freq = 0;
 			break;
+		case PERF_EVSEL__CONFIG_TERM_FREQ:
+			attr->sample_freq = term->val.freq;
+			attr->freq = 1;
+			break;
 		case PERF_EVSEL__CONFIG_TERM_TIME:
 			if (term->val.time)
 				perf_evsel__set_sample_bit(evsel, TIME);
tools/perf/util/evsel.h +2 -0
index b948f69d2558..fdf2674ab339 100644
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ struct cgroup_sel;
 */
 enum {
 	PERF_EVSEL__CONFIG_TERM_PERIOD,
+	PERF_EVSEL__CONFIG_TERM_FREQ,
 	PERF_EVSEL__CONFIG_TERM_TIME,
 	PERF_EVSEL__CONFIG_TERM_MAX,
 };
@@ -48,6 +49,7 @@ struct perf_evsel_config_term {
 	int	type;
 	union {
 		u64	period;
+		u64	freq;
 		bool	time;
 	} val;
 };
tools/perf/util/parse-events.c +6 -0
index 828936dc3f1e..dbf315df4220 100644
@@ -597,6 +597,9 @@ do {									   \
 	case PARSE_EVENTS__TERM_TYPE_SAMPLE_PERIOD:
 		CHECK_TYPE_VAL(NUM);
 		break;
+	case PARSE_EVENTS__TERM_TYPE_SAMPLE_FREQ:
+		CHECK_TYPE_VAL(NUM);
+		break;
 	case PARSE_EVENTS__TERM_TYPE_BRANCH_SAMPLE_TYPE:
 		/*
 		 * TODO uncomment when the field is available
@@ -659,6 +662,9 @@ do {								\
 		case PARSE_EVENTS__TERM_TYPE_SAMPLE_PERIOD:
 			ADD_CONFIG_TERM(PERIOD, period, term->val.num);
 			break;
+		case PARSE_EVENTS__TERM_TYPE_SAMPLE_FREQ:
+			ADD_CONFIG_TERM(FREQ, freq, term->val.num);
+			break;
 		case PARSE_EVENTS__TERM_TYPE_TIME:
 			ADD_CONFIG_TERM(TIME, time, term->val.num);
 			break;
tools/perf/util/parse-events.h +1 -0
index e6f9aacc1cce..ce2d13a16226 100644
@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ enum {
 	PARSE_EVENTS__TERM_TYPE_CONFIG2,
 	PARSE_EVENTS__TERM_TYPE_NAME,
 	PARSE_EVENTS__TERM_TYPE_SAMPLE_PERIOD,
+	PARSE_EVENTS__TERM_TYPE_SAMPLE_FREQ,
 	PARSE_EVENTS__TERM_TYPE_BRANCH_SAMPLE_TYPE,
 	PARSE_EVENTS__TERM_TYPE_TIME,
 };
tools/perf/util/parse-events.l +1 -0
index f5427505ae77..4306f5ad75c7 100644
@@ -182,6 +182,7 @@ config1			{ return term(yyscanner, PARSE_EVENTS__TERM_TYPE_CONFIG1); }
 config2			{ return term(yyscanner, PARSE_EVENTS__TERM_TYPE_CONFIG2); }
 name			{ return term(yyscanner, PARSE_EVENTS__TERM_TYPE_NAME); }
 period			{ return term(yyscanner, PARSE_EVENTS__TERM_TYPE_SAMPLE_PERIOD); }
+freq			{ return term(yyscanner, PARSE_EVENTS__TERM_TYPE_SAMPLE_FREQ); }
 branch_type		{ return term(yyscanner, PARSE_EVENTS__TERM_TYPE_BRANCH_SAMPLE_TYPE); }
 time			{ return term(yyscanner, PARSE_EVENTS__TERM_TYPE_TIME); }
 ,			{ return ','; }
tools/perf/util/pmu.c +1 -1
index d4b0e6454bc6..d85f11b8cacf 100644
@@ -634,7 +634,7 @@ static char *formats_error_string(struct list_head *formats)
 {
 	struct perf_pmu_format *format;
 	char *err, *str;
-	static const char *static_terms = "config,config1,config2,name,period,branch_type,time\n";
+	static const char *static_terms = "config,config1,config2,name,period,freq,branch_type,time\n";
 	unsigned i = 0;
 
 	if (!asprintf(&str, "valid terms:"))
Signature · 1 line
2.1.0
author maintainer
#12 lore raw

PATCH 9/9 perf evlist: Be more specific on -F/--freq

In reply to Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo

From: Namhyung Kim <[email protected]>

Currently perf evlist -F shows the number as if it's always sampling frequency. But we now support per-event freq/period settings. So it'd better to show more detailed info whether it's freq or period.

  $ perf record -e 'cpu/config=1/,cpu/config=2,period=300000/' sleep 1
  [ perf record: Woken up 1 times to write data ]
  [ perf record: Captured and wrote 0.017 MB perf.data ]
  $ perf evlist -F
  cpu/config=1/: sample_freq=4000
  cpu/config=2,period=300000/: sample_period=300000
---
 tools/perf/util/evsel.c | 9 +++++++--
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
tools/perf/util/evsel.c +7 -2
index f664a22b5fea..04fddddc6b6f 100644
@@ -2158,8 +2158,13 @@ int perf_evsel__fprintf(struct perf_evsel *evsel,
 		printed += perf_event_attr__fprintf(fp, &evsel->attr,
 						    __print_attr__fprintf, &first);
 	} else if (details->freq) {
-		printed += comma_fprintf(fp, &first, " sample_freq=%" PRIu64,
-					 (u64)evsel->attr.sample_freq);
+		const char *term = "sample_freq";
+
+		if (!evsel->attr.freq)
+			term = "sample_period";
+
+		printed += comma_fprintf(fp, &first, " %s=%" PRIu64,
+					 term, (u64)evsel->attr.sample_freq);
 	}
 out:
 	fputc('\n', fp);
Signature · 1 line
2.1.0
#13 lore raw
In reply to Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo
Quoted 102 lines · Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo

Hi Ingo,

Please consider pulling,

- Arnaldo

The following changes since commit f1d800bf615b84ca253af372d2dac8cdef743a20:

Merge tag 'perf-ebpf-for-mingo' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/acme/linux into perf/core (2015-08-08 10:05:17 +0200)

are available in the git repository at:

git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/acme/linux.git tags/perf-core-for-mingo

for you to fetch changes up to 4605bb55b91449a1a953a51f0334d3bc02351adb:

perf evlist: Be more specific on -F/--freq (2015-08-10 17:20:26 -0300)

----------------------------------------------------------------
perf/core improvements and fixes:

User visible:

- Introduce 'srcfile' sort key: (Andi Kleen)

  # perf record -F 10000 usleep 1
  # perf report --stdio --dsos '[kernel.vmlinux]' -s srcfile
  <SNIP>
  # Overhead  Source File
      26.49%  copy_page_64.S
       5.49%  signal.c
       0.51%  msr.h
  #

It can be combined with other fields, for instance, experiment with '-s srcfile,symbol'.

There are some oddities in some distros and with some specific DSOs, being investigated, so your mileage may vary.

- Update the column width for the "srcline" sort key (Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo)

- Support per-event 'freq' term: (Namhyung Kim)

  $ perf record -e 'cpu/instructions,freq=1234/',cycles -c 1000 sleep 1
  $ perf evlist -F
  cpu/instructions,freq=1234/: sample_freq=1234
  cycles: sample_period=1000
  $

Infrastructure:

- Move perf_counts struct and functions into separate object (Jiri Olsa)

- Unset perf_event_attr::freq when period term is set (Jiri Olsa)

- Move callchain option parsing code to util.c (Kan Liang)

----------------------------------------------------------------
Andi Kleen (2):
perf tools: Support full source file paths for srcline perf report: Add support for srcfile sort key

Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo (2):
perf hists: hist_entry__cmp() may use he_tmp.hists, initialize it perf hists: Update the column width for the "srcline" sort key

Jiri Olsa (2):
perf stat: Move perf_counts struct and functions into separate object perf tools: Unset perf_event_attr::freq when period term is set

Kan Liang (1):
perf callchain: Move option parsing code to util.c

Namhyung Kim (2):
perf record: Support per-event freq term
perf evlist: Be more specific on -F/--freq

 tools/perf/Documentation/perf-record.txt |  1 +
 tools/perf/Documentation/perf-report.txt |  4 ++
 tools/perf/Documentation/perf-script.txt |  3 ++
 tools/perf/builtin-report.c              |  2 +
 tools/perf/builtin-script.c              |  2 +
 tools/perf/builtin-stat.c                |  1 +
 tools/perf/util/Build                    |  1 +
 tools/perf/util/callchain.c              | 89 +------------------------------
 tools/perf/util/callchain.h              |  1 +
 tools/perf/util/counts.c                 | 52 ++++++++++++++++++
 tools/perf/util/counts.h                 | 37 +++++++++++++
 tools/perf/util/evsel.c                  | 14 ++++-
 tools/perf/util/evsel.h                  |  4 +-
 tools/perf/util/hist.c                   |  9 ++++
 tools/perf/util/hist.h                   |  1 +
 tools/perf/util/parse-events.c           |  6 +++
 tools/perf/util/parse-events.h           |  1 +
 tools/perf/util/parse-events.l           |  1 +
 tools/perf/util/pmu.c                    |  2 +-
 tools/perf/util/python-ext-sources       |  2 +-
 tools/perf/util/sort.c                   | 52 ++++++++++++++++++
 tools/perf/util/sort.h                   |  2 +
Quoted 8 lines
 tools/perf/util/srcline.c                |  6 ++-
 tools/perf/util/stat.c                   | 49 -----------------
 tools/perf/util/stat.h                   | 30 -----------
 tools/perf/util/util.c                   | 90 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 tools/perf/util/util.h                   |  3 ++
 27 files changed, 292 insertions(+), 173 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 tools/perf/util/counts.c
 create mode 100644 tools/perf/util/counts.h

Pulled, thanks a lot Arnaldo!

Ingo