bpf: static stack liveness data flow analysis

index 36bfd96d4563..15f7f9f35be9 100644
@@ -1121,12 +1121,14 @@ void print_verifier_state(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, const struct bpf_verifie
 			  u32 frameno, bool print_all);
 void print_insn_state(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, const struct bpf_verifier_state *vstate,
 		      u32 frameno);
+u32 bpf_vlog_alignment(u32 pos);
 
 struct bpf_subprog_info *bpf_find_containing_subprog(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, int off);
 int bpf_jmp_offset(struct bpf_insn *insn);
 struct bpf_iarray *bpf_insn_successors(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 idx);
 void bpf_fmt_stack_mask(char *buf, ssize_t buf_sz, u64 stack_mask);
 bool bpf_calls_callback(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, int insn_idx);
+bool bpf_subprog_is_global(const struct bpf_verifier_env *env, int subprog);
 
 int bpf_find_subprog(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, int off);
 int bpf_compute_const_regs(struct bpf_verifier_env *env);

index 37d72b052192..f0902ecb7df6 100644
@@ -847,7 +847,7 @@ void print_verifier_state(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, const struct bpf_verifie
 		mark_verifier_state_clean(env);
 }
 
-static inline u32 vlog_alignment(u32 pos)
+u32 bpf_vlog_alignment(u32 pos)
 {
 	return round_up(max(pos + BPF_LOG_MIN_ALIGNMENT / 2, BPF_LOG_ALIGNMENT),
 			BPF_LOG_MIN_ALIGNMENT) - pos - 1;

@@ -859,7 +859,7 @@ void print_insn_state(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, const struct bpf_verifier_st
 	if (env->prev_log_pos && env->prev_log_pos == env->log.end_pos) {
 		/* remove new line character */
 		bpf_vlog_reset(&env->log, env->prev_log_pos - 1);
-		verbose(env, "%*c;", vlog_alignment(env->prev_insn_print_pos), ' ');
+		verbose(env, "%*c;", bpf_vlog_alignment(env->prev_insn_print_pos), ' ');
 	} else {
 		verbose(env, "%d:", env->insn_idx);
 	}

index 84699a428077..dd81cfbad680 100644
@@ -421,7 +421,7 @@ static struct btf_record *reg_btf_record(const struct bpf_reg_state *reg)
 	return rec;
 }
 
-static bool subprog_is_global(const struct bpf_verifier_env *env, int subprog)
+bool bpf_subprog_is_global(const struct bpf_verifier_env *env, int subprog)
 {
 	struct bpf_func_info_aux *aux = env->prog->aux->func_info_aux;
 

@@ -4610,7 +4610,7 @@ static int backtrack_insn(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, int idx, int subseq_idx,
 			if (subprog < 0)
 				return -EFAULT;
 
-			if (subprog_is_global(env, subprog)) {
+			if (bpf_subprog_is_global(env, subprog)) {
 				/* check that jump history doesn't have any
 				 * extra instructions from subprog; the next
 				 * instruction after call to global subprog

@@ -6971,7 +6971,7 @@ static int check_max_stack_depth_subprog(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, int idx,
 		if (subprog[idx].has_tail_call)
 			tail_call_reachable = true;
 
-		frame = subprog_is_global(env, idx) ? 0 : frame + 1;
+		frame = bpf_subprog_is_global(env, idx) ? 0 : frame + 1;
 		if (frame >= MAX_CALL_FRAMES) {
 			verbose(env, "the call stack of %d frames is too deep !\n",
 				frame);

@@ -11040,7 +11040,7 @@ static int check_func_call(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, struct bpf_insn *insn,
 	err = btf_check_subprog_call(env, subprog, caller->regs);
 	if (err == -EFAULT)
 		return err;
-	if (subprog_is_global(env, subprog)) {
+	if (bpf_subprog_is_global(env, subprog)) {
 		const char *sub_name = subprog_name(env, subprog);
 
 		if (env->cur_state->active_locks) {

@@ -25186,7 +25186,7 @@ static int do_check_subprogs(struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
 again:
 	new_cnt = 0;
 	for (i = 1; i < env->subprog_cnt; i++) {
-		if (!subprog_is_global(env, i))
+		if (!bpf_subprog_is_global(env, i))
 			continue;
 
 		sub_aux = subprog_aux(env, i);

index 15f7f9f35be9..410939d7b325 100644
@@ -664,6 +664,7 @@ enum priv_stack_mode {
 };
 
 struct bpf_subprog_info {
+	const char *name;
 	/* 'start' has to be the first field otherwise find_subprog() won't work */
 	u32 start; /* insn idx of function entry point */
 	u32 linfo_idx; /* The idx to the main_prog->aux->linfo */

index dd81cfbad680..cd2a56308e59 100644
@@ -19682,6 +19682,7 @@ static int check_btf_func(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
 			goto err_free;
 		}
 
+		env->subprog_info[i].name = btf_name_by_offset(btf, type->name_off);
 		bpfptr_add(&urecord, urec_size);
 	}
 

index 410939d7b325..124828c9a916 100644
@@ -224,6 +224,73 @@ enum bpf_stack_slot_type {
 
 #define BPF_REG_SIZE 8	/* size of eBPF register in bytes */
 
+/* 4-byte stack slot granularity for liveness analysis */
+#define BPF_HALF_REG_SIZE	4
+#define STACK_SLOTS		(MAX_BPF_STACK / BPF_HALF_REG_SIZE)	/* 128 */
+
+typedef struct {
+	u64 v[2];
+} spis_t;
+
+#define SPIS_ZERO	((spis_t){})
+#define SPIS_ALL	((spis_t){{ U64_MAX, U64_MAX }})
+
+static inline bool spis_is_zero(spis_t s)
+{
+	return s.v[0] == 0 && s.v[1] == 0;
+}
+
+static inline bool spis_equal(spis_t a, spis_t b)
+{
+	return a.v[0] == b.v[0] && a.v[1] == b.v[1];
+}
+
+static inline spis_t spis_or(spis_t a, spis_t b)
+{
+	return (spis_t){{ a.v[0] | b.v[0], a.v[1] | b.v[1] }};
+}
+
+static inline spis_t spis_and(spis_t a, spis_t b)
+{
+	return (spis_t){{ a.v[0] & b.v[0], a.v[1] & b.v[1] }};
+}
+
+static inline spis_t spis_xor(spis_t a, spis_t b)
+{
+	return (spis_t){{ a.v[0] ^ b.v[0], a.v[1] ^ b.v[1] }};
+}
+
+static inline spis_t spis_not(spis_t s)
+{
+	return (spis_t){{ ~s.v[0], ~s.v[1] }};
+}
+
+static inline bool spis_test_bit(spis_t s, u32 slot)
+{
+	return s.v[slot / 64] & BIT_ULL(slot % 64);
+}
+
+static inline void spis_or_range(spis_t *mask, u32 lo, u32 hi)
+{
+	u32 w;
+
+	for (w = lo; w <= hi && w < STACK_SLOTS; w++)
+		mask->v[w / 64] |= BIT_ULL(w % 64);
+}
+
+static inline spis_t spis_one_bit(u32 slot)
+{
+	if (slot < 64)
+		return (spis_t){{ BIT(slot), 0 }};
+	else
+		return (spis_t){{ 0, BIT(slot - 64) }};
+}
+
+static inline spis_t spis_single_slot(u32 spi)
+{
+	return spis_or(spis_one_bit(spi * 2), spis_one_bit(spi * 2 + 1));
+}
+
 #define BPF_REGMASK_ARGS ((1 << BPF_REG_1) | (1 << BPF_REG_2) | \
 			  (1 << BPF_REG_3) | (1 << BPF_REG_4) | \
 			  (1 << BPF_REG_5))

index 124828c9a916..fac9bf403c5d 100644
@@ -1218,8 +1218,8 @@ s64 bpf_kfunc_stack_access_bytes(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
 int bpf_stack_liveness_init(struct bpf_verifier_env *env);
 void bpf_stack_liveness_free(struct bpf_verifier_env *env);
 int bpf_update_live_stack(struct bpf_verifier_env *env);
-int bpf_mark_stack_read(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 frameno, u32 insn_idx, u64 mask);
-void bpf_mark_stack_write(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 frameno, u64 mask);
+int bpf_mark_stack_read(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 frameno, u32 insn_idx, spis_t mask);
+void bpf_mark_stack_write(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 frameno, spis_t mask);
 int bpf_reset_stack_write_marks(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 insn_idx);
 int bpf_commit_stack_write_marks(struct bpf_verifier_env *env);
 int bpf_live_stack_query_init(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, struct bpf_verifier_state *st);

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index 9e36ea5f2eec..e2697cd9ae27 100644
@@ -732,13 +732,12 @@ int bpf_update_live_stack(struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
 	return 0;
 }
 
-static bool is_live_before(struct func_instance *instance, u32 insn_idx, u32 frameno, u32 spi)
+static bool is_live_before(struct func_instance *instance, u32 insn_idx, u32 frameno, u32 half_spi)
 {
 	struct per_frame_masks *masks;
 
 	masks = get_frame_masks(instance, frameno, insn_idx);
-	return masks && (spis_test_bit(masks->live_before, spi * 2) ||
-			 spis_test_bit(masks->live_before, spi * 2 + 1));
+	return masks && spis_test_bit(masks->live_before, half_spi);
 }
 
 int bpf_live_stack_query_init(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, struct bpf_verifier_state *st)

@@ -759,7 +758,7 @@ int bpf_live_stack_query_init(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, struct bpf_verifier_
 	return 0;
 }
 
-bool bpf_stack_slot_alive(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 frameno, u32 spi)
+bool bpf_stack_slot_alive(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 frameno, u32 half_spi)
 {
 	/*
 	 * Slot is alive if it is read before q->st->insn_idx in current func instance,

@@ -773,15 +772,16 @@ bool bpf_stack_slot_alive(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 frameno, u32 spi)
 	bool alive;
 
 	curframe_instance = q->instances[q->curframe];
-	if (is_live_before(curframe_instance, q->insn_idx, frameno, spi))
+	alive = is_live_before(curframe_instance, q->insn_idx, frameno, half_spi);
+	if (alive)
 		return true;
 
 	for (i = frameno; i < q->curframe; i++) {
 		callsite = curframe_instance->callchain.callsites[i];
 		instance = q->instances[i];
 		alive = bpf_calls_callback(env, callsite)
-			? is_live_before(instance, callsite, frameno, spi)
-			: is_live_before(instance, callsite + 1, frameno, spi);
+			? is_live_before(instance, callsite, frameno, half_spi)
+			: is_live_before(instance, callsite + 1, frameno, half_spi);
 		if (alive)
 			return true;
 	}

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index e2697cd9ae27..a3af5972520f 100644
@@ -259,8 +259,7 @@ static struct per_frame_masks *get_frame_masks(struct func_instance *instance,
 	return &instance->frames[frame][relative_idx(instance, insn_idx)];
 }
 
-static struct per_frame_masks *alloc_frame_masks(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
-						 struct func_instance *instance,
+static struct per_frame_masks *alloc_frame_masks(struct func_instance *instance,
 						 u32 frame, u32 insn_idx)
 {
 	struct per_frame_masks *arr;

@@ -298,13 +297,12 @@ static int ensure_cur_instance(struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
 }
 
 /* Accumulate may_read masks for @frame at @insn_idx */
-static int mark_stack_read(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
-			   struct func_instance *instance, u32 frame, u32 insn_idx, spis_t mask)
+static int mark_stack_read(struct func_instance *instance, u32 frame, u32 insn_idx, spis_t mask)
 {
 	struct per_frame_masks *masks;
 	spis_t new_may_read;
 
-	masks = alloc_frame_masks(env, instance, frame, insn_idx);
+	masks = alloc_frame_masks(instance, frame, insn_idx);
 	if (IS_ERR(masks))
 		return PTR_ERR(masks);
 	new_may_read = spis_or(masks->may_read, mask);

@@ -321,17 +319,15 @@ int bpf_mark_stack_read(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 frame, u32 insn_idx, s
 	int err;
 
 	err = ensure_cur_instance(env);
-	err = err ?: mark_stack_read(env, env->liveness->cur_instance, frame, insn_idx, mask);
+	err = err ?: mark_stack_read(env->liveness->cur_instance, frame, insn_idx, mask);
 	return err;
 }
 
-static void reset_stack_write_marks(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
-				    struct func_instance *instance, u32 insn_idx)
+static void reset_stack_write_marks(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, struct func_instance *instance)
 {
 	struct bpf_liveness *liveness = env->liveness;
 	int i;
 
-	liveness->write_insn_idx = insn_idx;
 	for (i = 0; i <= instance->callchain.curframe; i++)
 		liveness->write_masks_acc[i] = SPIS_ZERO;
 }

@@ -345,7 +341,8 @@ int bpf_reset_stack_write_marks(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 insn_idx)
 	if (err)
 		return err;
 
-	reset_stack_write_marks(env, liveness->cur_instance, insn_idx);
+	liveness->write_insn_idx = insn_idx;
+	reset_stack_write_marks(env, liveness->cur_instance);
 	return 0;
 }
 

@@ -355,7 +352,8 @@ void bpf_mark_stack_write(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 frame, spis_t mask)
 }
 
 static int commit_stack_write_marks(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
-				    struct func_instance *instance)
+				    struct func_instance *instance,
+				    u32 insn_idx)
 {
 	struct bpf_liveness *liveness = env->liveness;
 	u32 idx, frame, curframe;

@@ -366,13 +364,13 @@ static int commit_stack_write_marks(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
 		return 0;
 
 	curframe = instance->callchain.curframe;
-	idx = relative_idx(instance, liveness->write_insn_idx);
+	idx = relative_idx(instance, insn_idx);
 	for (frame = 0; frame <= curframe; frame++) {
 		mask = liveness->write_masks_acc[frame];
 		/* avoid allocating frames for zero masks */
 		if (spis_is_zero(mask) && !instance->must_write_set[idx])
 			continue;
-		masks = alloc_frame_masks(env, instance, frame, liveness->write_insn_idx);
+		masks = alloc_frame_masks(instance, frame, insn_idx);
 		if (IS_ERR(masks))
 			return PTR_ERR(masks);
 		old_must_write = masks->must_write;

@@ -402,7 +400,7 @@ static int commit_stack_write_marks(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
  */
 int bpf_commit_stack_write_marks(struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
 {
-	return commit_stack_write_marks(env, env->liveness->cur_instance);
+	return commit_stack_write_marks(env, env->liveness->cur_instance, env->liveness->write_insn_idx);
 }
 
 static char *fmt_callchain(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, struct callchain *callchain)

@@ -576,18 +574,17 @@ static int propagate_to_outer_instance(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
 	if (IS_ERR(outer_instance))
 		return PTR_ERR(outer_instance);
 	callsite = callchain->callsites[callchain->curframe - 1];
-
-	reset_stack_write_marks(env, outer_instance, callsite);
+	reset_stack_write_marks(env, outer_instance);
 	for (frame = 0; frame < callchain->curframe; frame++) {
 		insn = get_frame_masks(instance, frame, this_subprog_start);
 		if (!insn)
 			continue;
 		bpf_mark_stack_write(env, frame, insn->must_write_acc);
-		err = mark_stack_read(env, outer_instance, frame, callsite, insn->live_before);
+		err = mark_stack_read(outer_instance, frame, callsite, insn->live_before);
 		if (err)
 			return err;
 	}
-	commit_stack_write_marks(env, outer_instance);
+	commit_stack_write_marks(env, outer_instance, callsite);
 	return 0;
 }
 

@@ -654,6 +651,9 @@ static int update_instance(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, struct func_instance *i
 	bool changed;
 	int err;
 
+	if (!instance->updated)
+		return 0;
+
 	this_subprog_start = callchain_subprog_start(callchain);
 	/*
 	 * If must_write marks were updated must_write_acc needs to be reset

@@ -699,6 +699,8 @@ static int update_instance(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, struct func_instance *i
 			return err;
 	}
 
+	instance->updated = false;
+	instance->must_write_dropped = false;
 	return 0;
 }
 

@@ -721,13 +723,9 @@ int bpf_update_live_stack(struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
 		if (IS_ERR(instance))
 			return PTR_ERR(instance);
 
-		if (instance->updated) {
-			err = update_instance(env, instance);
-			if (err)
-				return err;
-			instance->updated = false;
-			instance->must_write_dropped = false;
-		}
+		err = update_instance(env, instance);
+		if (err)
+			return err;
 	}
 	return 0;
 }

index fac9bf403c5d..b93cb9619d79 100644
@@ -226,6 +226,7 @@ enum bpf_stack_slot_type {
 
 /* 4-byte stack slot granularity for liveness analysis */
 #define BPF_HALF_REG_SIZE	4
+#define STACK_SLOT_SZ		4
 #define STACK_SLOTS		(MAX_BPF_STACK / BPF_HALF_REG_SIZE)	/* 128 */
 
 typedef struct {

@@ -887,6 +888,8 @@ struct bpf_verifier_env {
 	} cfg;
 	struct backtrack_state bt;
 	struct bpf_jmp_history_entry *cur_hist_ent;
+	/* Per-callsite copy of parent's converged at_stack_in for cross-frame fills. */
+	struct arg_track **callsite_at_stack;
 	u32 pass_cnt; /* number of times do_check() was called */
 	u32 subprog_cnt;
 	/* number of instructions analyzed by the verifier */

@@ -1214,6 +1217,7 @@ s64 bpf_helper_stack_access_bytes(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
 s64 bpf_kfunc_stack_access_bytes(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
 				 struct bpf_insn *insn, int arg,
 				 int insn_idx);
+int bpf_compute_subprog_arg_access(struct bpf_verifier_env *env);
 
 int bpf_stack_liveness_init(struct bpf_verifier_env *env);
 void bpf_stack_liveness_free(struct bpf_verifier_env *env);

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index 0731e99aa541..4e8a6813af4f 100644
@@ -20256,6 +20256,15 @@ static int clean_live_states(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, int insn,
 	struct list_head *pos, *head;
 	int err;
 
+	/* keep cleaning the current state as registers/stack become dead */
+	err = clean_verifier_state(env, cur);
+	if (err)
+		return err;
+
+	/*
+	 * can simply return here, since cached states will also be clean,
+	 * but keep old logic for the sake of dynamic liveness.
+	 */
 	head = explored_state(env, insn);
 	list_for_each(pos, head) {
 		sl = container_of(pos, struct bpf_verifier_state_list, node);

@@ -20267,8 +20276,6 @@ static int clean_live_states(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, int insn,
 		if (sl->state.cleaned)
 			/* all regs in this state in all frames were already marked */
 			continue;
-		if (incomplete_read_marks(env, &sl->state))
-			continue;
 		err = clean_verifier_state(env, &sl->state);
 		if (err)
 			return err;

@@ -26301,6 +26308,11 @@ static int compute_live_registers(struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
 	for (i = 0; i < insn_cnt; ++i)
 		compute_insn_live_regs(env, &insns[i], &state[i]);
 
+	/* Forward pass: resolve stack access through FP-derived pointers */
+	err = bpf_compute_subprog_arg_access(env);
+	if (err)
+		goto out;
+
 	changed = true;
 	while (changed) {
 		changed = false;

index b93cb9619d79..1ee94e36806d 100644
@@ -279,19 +279,6 @@ static inline void spis_or_range(spis_t *mask, u32 lo, u32 hi)
 		mask->v[w / 64] |= BIT_ULL(w % 64);
 }
 
-static inline spis_t spis_one_bit(u32 slot)
-{
-	if (slot < 64)
-		return (spis_t){{ BIT(slot), 0 }};
-	else
-		return (spis_t){{ 0, BIT(slot - 64) }};
-}
-
-static inline spis_t spis_single_slot(u32 spi)
-{
-	return spis_or(spis_one_bit(spi * 2), spis_one_bit(spi * 2 + 1));
-}
-
 #define BPF_REGMASK_ARGS ((1 << BPF_REG_1) | (1 << BPF_REG_2) | \
 			  (1 << BPF_REG_3) | (1 << BPF_REG_4) | \
 			  (1 << BPF_REG_5))

@@ -1221,13 +1208,7 @@ int bpf_compute_subprog_arg_access(struct bpf_verifier_env *env);
 
 int bpf_stack_liveness_init(struct bpf_verifier_env *env);
 void bpf_stack_liveness_free(struct bpf_verifier_env *env);
-int bpf_update_live_stack(struct bpf_verifier_env *env);
-int bpf_mark_stack_read(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 frameno, u32 insn_idx, spis_t mask);
-void bpf_mark_stack_write(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 frameno, spis_t mask);
-int bpf_reset_stack_write_marks(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 insn_idx);
-int bpf_commit_stack_write_marks(struct bpf_verifier_env *env);
 int bpf_live_stack_query_init(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, struct bpf_verifier_state *st);
 bool bpf_stack_slot_alive(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 frameno, u32 spi);
-void bpf_reset_live_stack_callchain(struct bpf_verifier_env *env);
 
 #endif /* _LINUX_BPF_VERIFIER_H */

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index 1ee94e36806d..5d6c6d1f46ed 100644
@@ -256,11 +256,6 @@ static inline spis_t spis_and(spis_t a, spis_t b)
 	return (spis_t){{ a.v[0] & b.v[0], a.v[1] & b.v[1] }};
 }
 
-static inline spis_t spis_xor(spis_t a, spis_t b)
-{
-	return (spis_t){{ a.v[0] ^ b.v[0], a.v[1] ^ b.v[1] }};
-}
-
 static inline spis_t spis_not(spis_t s)
 {
 	return (spis_t){{ ~s.v[0], ~s.v[1] }};

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index 2027cfcb748c..e4abf4172fca 100644
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ check_assert(s64, >=, ge_neg, INT_MIN);
 
 SEC("?tc")
 __log_level(2) __failure
-__msg(": R0=0 R1=ctx() R2=scalar(smin=0xffffffff80000002,smax=smax32=0x7ffffffd,smin32=0x80000002) R10=fp0")
+__msg(": R1=ctx() R2=scalar(smin=0xffffffff80000002,smax=smax32=0x7ffffffd,smin32=0x80000002) R10=fp0")
 int check_assert_range_s64(struct __sk_buff *ctx)
 {
 	struct bpf_sock *sk = ctx->sk;

@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ int check_assert_range_u64(struct __sk_buff *ctx)
 
 SEC("?tc")
 __log_level(2) __failure
-__msg(": R0=0 R1=ctx() R2=4096 R10=fp0")
+__msg(": R1=ctx() R2=4096 R10=fp0")
 int check_assert_single_range_s64(struct __sk_buff *ctx)
 {
 	struct bpf_sock *sk = ctx->sk;

@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ int check_assert_single_range_u64(struct __sk_buff *ctx)
 
 SEC("?tc")
 __log_level(2) __failure
-__msg(": R1=pkt(r=64,imm=64) R2=pkt_end() R6=pkt(r=64) R10=fp0")
+__msg(": R6=pkt(r=64) R10=fp0")
 int check_assert_generic(struct __sk_buff *ctx)
 {
 	u8 *data_end = (void *)(long)ctx->data_end;

index 046a204c8fc6..5db02323c89c 100644
@@ -76,6 +76,7 @@ __naked int helper_uninit_to_misc(void *ctx)
 		 * thus showing the stack state, matched by __msg().		\
 		 */					\
 		call %[dummy];				\
+		r1 = *(u64*)(r10 - 104);		\
 		r0 = 0;					\
 		exit;					\
 "

index 24553ce62881..3e52686515ca 100644
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ LBL ":"							\
 SEC("tc")
 __success __log_level(2)
 __flag(BPF_F_ANY_ALIGNMENT)
-__msg("6: R0=pkt(r=8,imm=8)")
+__msg("6: {{.*}} R2=pkt(r=8)")
 __msg("6: {{.*}} R3={{[^)]*}}var_off=(0x0; 0xff)")
 __msg("7: {{.*}} R3={{[^)]*}}var_off=(0x0; 0x1fe)")
 __msg("8: {{.*}} R3={{[^)]*}}var_off=(0x0; 0x3fc)")

@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ __success __log_level(2)
 __msg("2: {{.*}} R5=pkt(r=0)")
 __msg("4: {{.*}} R5=pkt(r=0,imm=14)")
 __msg("5: {{.*}} R4=pkt(r=0,imm=14)")
-__msg("9: {{.*}} R2=pkt(r=18)")
+__msg("9: {{.*}} R5=pkt(r=18,imm=14)")
 __msg("10: {{.*}} R4={{[^)]*}}var_off=(0x0; 0xff){{.*}} R5=pkt(r=18,imm=14)")
 __msg("13: {{.*}} R4={{[^)]*}}var_off=(0x0; 0xffff)")
 __msg("14: {{.*}} R4={{[^)]*}}var_off=(0x0; 0xffff)")

@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ __msg("11: {{.*}} R5=pkt(id=1,{{[^)]*}},var_off=(0x2; 0x7fc)")
  * offset is considered using reg->aux_off_align which
  * is 4 and meets the load's requirements.
  */
-__msg("15: {{.*}} R4={{[^)]*}}var_off=(0x2; 0x7fc){{.*}} R5={{[^)]*}}var_off=(0x2; 0x7fc)")
+__msg("15: {{.*}} R5={{[^)]*}}var_off=(0x2; 0x7fc)")
 /* Variable offset is added to R5 packet pointer,
  * resulting in auxiliary alignment of 4. To avoid BPF
  * verifier's precision backtracking logging

@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ __msg("19: {{.*}} R5=pkt(id=2,{{[^)]*}}var_off=(0x2; 0x7fc)")
  * aligned, so the total offset is 4-byte aligned and
  * meets the load's requirements.
  */
-__msg("24: {{.*}} R4={{[^)]*}}var_off=(0x2; 0x7fc){{.*}} R5={{[^)]*}}var_off=(0x2; 0x7fc)")
+__msg("24: {{.*}} R5={{[^)]*}}var_off=(0x2; 0x7fc)")
 /* Constant offset is added to R5 packet pointer,
  * resulting in reg->off value of 14.
  */

@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ __msg("31: {{.*}} R4={{[^)]*}}var_off=(0x2; 0xffc){{.*}} R5={{[^)]*}}var_off=(0x
  * the total offset is 4-byte aligned and meets the
  * load's requirements.
  */
-__msg("35: {{.*}} R4={{[^)]*}}var_off=(0x2; 0xffc){{.*}} R5={{[^)]*}}var_off=(0x2; 0xffc)")
+__msg("35: {{.*}} R5={{[^)]*}}var_off=(0x2; 0xffc)")
 __naked void packet_variable_offset(void)
 {
 	asm volatile ("					\

index 4672af0b3268..e814a054d69a 100644
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ l0_%=:	r0 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);				\
 SEC("socket")
 __description("UDIV32, zero divisor")
 __success __retval(0) __log_level(2)
-__msg("w1 /= w2 {{.*}}; R1=0 R2=0")
+__msg("w1 /= w2 {{.*}}; R1=0")
 __naked void udiv32_zero_divisor(void)
 {
 	asm volatile ("					\

@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ l0_%=:	r0 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);				\
 SEC("socket")
 __description("UDIV64, zero divisor")
 __success __retval(0) __log_level(2)
-__msg("r1 /= r2 {{.*}}; R1=0 R2=0")
+__msg("r1 /= r2 {{.*}}; R1=0")
 __naked void udiv64_zero_divisor(void)
 {
 	asm volatile ("					\

@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ l1_%=:	r0 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);				\
 SEC("socket")
 __description("SDIV32, zero divisor")
 __success __retval(0) __log_level(2)
-__msg("w1 s/= w2 {{.*}}; R1=0 R2=0")
+__msg("w1 s/= w2 {{.*}}; R1=0")
 __naked void sdiv32_zero_divisor(void)
 {
 	asm volatile ("					\

@@ -275,6 +275,7 @@ __naked void sdiv32_overflow_1(void)
 	w2 += 10;					\
 	if w1 s> w2 goto l0_%=;				\
 	w1 s/= -1;					\
+	r2 = r1;					\
 l0_%=:	r0 = 0;						\
 	exit;						\
 "	:

@@ -443,7 +444,7 @@ l1_%=:	r0 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);				\
 SEC("socket")
 __description("SDIV64, zero divisor")
 __success __retval(0) __log_level(2)
-__msg("r1 s/= r2 {{.*}}; R1=0 R2=0")
+__msg("r1 s/= r2 {{.*}}; R1=0")
 __naked void sdiv64_zero_divisor(void)
 {
 	asm volatile ("					\

@@ -476,6 +477,7 @@ __naked void sdiv64_overflow_1(void)
 	r2 += 10;					\
 	if r1 s> r2 goto l0_%=;				\
 	r1 s/= -1;					\
+	r2 = r1;					\
 l0_%=:	r0 = 0;						\
 	exit;						\
 "	:

@@ -553,7 +555,7 @@ l0_%=:	r0 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);				\
 SEC("socket")
 __description("UMOD32, zero divisor")
 __success __retval(0) __log_level(2)
-__msg("w1 %= w2 {{.*}}; R1=scalar(smin=umin=smin32=umin32=1,smax=umax=smax32=umax32=9,var_off=(0x1; 0x8)) R2=0")
+__msg("w1 %= w2 {{.*}}; R1=scalar(smin=umin=smin32=umin32=1,smax=umax=smax32=umax32=9,var_off=(0x1; 0x8))")
 __naked void umod32_zero_divisor(void)
 {
 	asm volatile ("					\

@@ -624,7 +626,7 @@ l0_%=:	r0 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);				\
 SEC("socket")
 __description("UMOD64, zero divisor")
 __success __retval(0) __log_level(2)
-__msg("r1 %= r2 {{.*}}; R1=scalar(smin=umin=smin32=umin32=1,smax=umax=smax32=umax32=9,var_off=(0x1; 0x8)) R2=0")
+__msg("r1 %= r2 {{.*}}; R1=scalar(smin=umin=smin32=umin32=1,smax=umax=smax32=umax32=9,var_off=(0x1; 0x8))")
 __naked void umod64_zero_divisor(void)
 {
 	asm volatile ("					\

@@ -833,7 +835,7 @@ l1_%=:	r0 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);				\
 SEC("socket")
 __description("SMOD32, zero divisor")
 __success __retval(0) __log_level(2)
-__msg("w1 s%= w2 {{.*}}; R1=scalar(smin=0,smax=umax=0xffffffff,smin32=-8,smax32=10,var_off=(0x0; 0xffffffff)) R2=0")
+__msg("w1 s%= w2 {{.*}}; R1=scalar(smin=0,smax=umax=0xffffffff,smin32=-8,smax32=10,var_off=(0x0; 0xffffffff))")
 __naked void smod32_zero_divisor(void)
 {
 	asm volatile ("					\

@@ -1084,7 +1086,7 @@ l1_%=:	r0 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);				\
 SEC("socket")
 __description("SMOD64, zero divisor")
 __success __retval(0) __log_level(2)
-__msg("r1 s%= r2 {{.*}}; R1=scalar(smin=smin32=-8,smax=smax32=10) R2=0")
+__msg("r1 s%= r2 {{.*}}; R1=scalar(smin=smin32=-8,smax=smax32=10)")
 __naked void smod64_zero_divisor(void)
 {
 	asm volatile ("					\

139 lines not on this page · raw message

index a5b8753ce52c..70ae14d6084f 100644
@@ -264,13 +264,13 @@ void precision_many_frames__bar(void)
  */
 SEC("socket")
 __success __log_level(2)
-__msg("11: (0f) r2 += r1")
+__msg("12: (0f) r2 += r1")
 /* foo frame */
-__msg("frame1: regs=r1 stack= before 10: (bf) r2 = r10")
-__msg("frame1: regs=r1 stack= before 9: (25) if r1 > 0x7 goto pc+0")
-__msg("frame1: regs=r1 stack=-8,-16 before 8: (7b) *(u64 *)(r10 -16) = r1")
-__msg("frame1: regs=r1 stack=-8 before 7: (7b) *(u64 *)(r10 -8) = r1")
-__msg("frame1: regs=r1 stack= before 4: (85) call pc+2")
+__msg("frame1: regs=r1 stack= before 11: (bf) r2 = r10")
+__msg("frame1: regs=r1 stack= before 10: (25) if r1 > 0x7 goto pc+0")
+__msg("frame1: regs=r1 stack=-8,-16 before 9: (7b) *(u64 *)(r10 -16) = r1")
+__msg("frame1: regs=r1 stack=-8 before 8: (7b) *(u64 *)(r10 -8) = r1")
+__msg("frame1: regs=r1 stack= before 4: (85) call pc+3")
 /* main frame */
 __msg("frame0: regs=r1 stack=-8 before 3: (7b) *(u64 *)(r10 -8) = r1")
 __msg("frame0: regs=r1 stack= before 2: (bf) r1 = r0")

@@ -286,6 +286,7 @@ __naked void precision_stack(void)
 	"r1 = r0;"
 	"*(u64*)(r10 - 8) = r1;"
 	"call precision_stack__foo;"
+	"r0 = *(u64*)(r10 - 8);"
 	"r0 = 0;"
 	"exit;"
 	:

@@ -309,6 +310,8 @@ void precision_stack__foo(void)
 	 */
 	"r2 = r10;"
 	"r2 += r1;"
+	"r0 = *(u64*)(r10 - 8);"
+	"r0 = *(u64*)(r10 - 16);"
 	"exit"
 	::: __clobber_all);
 }

@@ -802,9 +805,9 @@ __success __log_level(2)
 /* The exit instruction should be reachable from two states,
  * use two matches and "processed .. insns" to ensure this.
  */
-__msg("15: (95) exit")
-__msg("15: (95) exit")
-__msg("processed 20 insns")
+__msg("16: (95) exit")
+__msg("16: (95) exit")
+__msg("processed 22 insns")
 __flag(BPF_F_TEST_STATE_FREQ)
 __naked void two_old_ids_one_cur_id(void)
 {

@@ -835,6 +838,11 @@ __naked void two_old_ids_one_cur_id(void)
 	"r2 = r10;"
 	"r2 += r6;"
 	"r2 += r7;"
+	/*
+	 * keep r8 and r9 live, otherwise r6->id and r7->id
+	 * will become singular and reset to zero before if r6 > r7
+	 */
+	"r9 += r8;"
 	"exit;"
 	:
 	: __imm(bpf_ktime_get_ns)

index 672e4446181e..c6ae64b99cd6 100644
@@ -650,7 +650,7 @@ __msg("mark_precise: frame0: last_idx 9 first_idx 7 subseq_idx -1")
 __msg("mark_precise: frame0: regs=r2 stack= before 8: (79) r2 = *(u64 *)(r10 -8)")
 __msg("mark_precise: frame0: regs= stack=-8 before 7: (bf) r1 = r6")
 /* note, fp-8 is precise, fp-16 is not yet precise, we'll get there */
-__msg("mark_precise: frame0: parent state regs= stack=-8:  R0=1 R1=ctx() R6=map_value(map=.data.two_byte_,ks=4,vs=2) R10=fp0 fp-8=P1 fp-16=1")
+__msg("mark_precise: frame0: parent state regs= stack=-8:  R6=map_value(map=.data.two_byte_,ks=4,vs=2) R10=fp0 fp-8=P1 fp-16=1")
 __msg("mark_precise: frame0: last_idx 6 first_idx 3 subseq_idx 7")
 __msg("mark_precise: frame0: regs= stack=-8 before 6: (05) goto pc+0")
 __msg("mark_precise: frame0: regs= stack=-8 before 5: (7b) *(u64 *)(r10 -16) = r0")

@@ -668,7 +668,7 @@ __msg("mark_precise: frame0: regs= stack=-16 before 9: (0f) r1 += r2")
 __msg("mark_precise: frame0: regs= stack=-16 before 8: (79) r2 = *(u64 *)(r10 -8)")
 __msg("mark_precise: frame0: regs= stack=-16 before 7: (bf) r1 = r6")
 /* now both fp-8 and fp-16 are precise, very good */
-__msg("mark_precise: frame0: parent state regs= stack=-16:  R0=1 R1=ctx() R6=map_value(map=.data.two_byte_,ks=4,vs=2) R10=fp0 fp-8=P1 fp-16=P1")
+__msg("mark_precise: frame0: parent state regs= stack=-16:  R6=map_value(map=.data.two_byte_,ks=4,vs=2) R10=fp0 fp-8=P1 fp-16=P1")
 __msg("mark_precise: frame0: last_idx 6 first_idx 3 subseq_idx 7")
 __msg("mark_precise: frame0: regs= stack=-16 before 6: (05) goto pc+0")
 __msg("mark_precise: frame0: regs= stack=-16 before 5: (7b) *(u64 *)(r10 -16) = r0")

@@ -726,7 +726,7 @@ __msg("9: (0f) r1 += r2")
 __msg("mark_precise: frame0: last_idx 9 first_idx 7 subseq_idx -1")
 __msg("mark_precise: frame0: regs=r2 stack= before 8: (61) r2 = *(u32 *)(r10 -8)")
 __msg("mark_precise: frame0: regs= stack=-8 before 7: (bf) r1 = r6")
-__msg("mark_precise: frame0: parent state regs= stack=-8:  R0=1 R1=ctx() R6=map_value(map=.data.two_byte_,ks=4,vs=2) R10=fp0 fp-8=????P1 fp-16=????1")
+__msg("mark_precise: frame0: parent state regs= stack=-8:  R6=map_value(map=.data.two_byte_,ks=4,vs=2) R10=fp0 fp-8=????P1 fp-16=????1")
 __msg("mark_precise: frame0: last_idx 6 first_idx 3 subseq_idx 7")
 __msg("mark_precise: frame0: regs= stack=-8 before 6: (05) goto pc+0")
 __msg("mark_precise: frame0: regs= stack=-8 before 5: (63) *(u32 *)(r10 -16) = r0")

@@ -743,7 +743,7 @@ __msg("mark_precise: frame0: regs= stack=-16 before 10: (73) *(u8 *)(r1 +0) = r2
 __msg("mark_precise: frame0: regs= stack=-16 before 9: (0f) r1 += r2")
 __msg("mark_precise: frame0: regs= stack=-16 before 8: (61) r2 = *(u32 *)(r10 -8)")
 __msg("mark_precise: frame0: regs= stack=-16 before 7: (bf) r1 = r6")
-__msg("mark_precise: frame0: parent state regs= stack=-16:  R0=1 R1=ctx() R6=map_value(map=.data.two_byte_,ks=4,vs=2) R10=fp0 fp-8=????P1 fp-16=????P1")
+__msg("mark_precise: frame0: parent state regs= stack=-16:  R6=map_value(map=.data.two_byte_,ks=4,vs=2) R10=fp0 fp-8=????P1 fp-16=????P1")
 __msg("mark_precise: frame0: last_idx 6 first_idx 3 subseq_idx 7")
 __msg("mark_precise: frame0: regs= stack=-16 before 6: (05) goto pc+0")
 __msg("mark_precise: frame0: regs= stack=-16 before 5: (63) *(u32 *)(r10 -16) = r0")

index 61886ed554de..d21d32f6a676 100644
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ __msg("mark_precise: frame0: regs=r0,r6 stack= before 10: (bf) r6 = r0")
 __msg("mark_precise: frame0: regs=r0 stack= before 9: (85) call bpf_loop")
 /* State entering callback body popped from states stack */
 __msg("from 9 to 17: frame1:")
-__msg("17: frame1: R1=scalar() R2=0 R10=fp0 cb")
+__msg("17: frame1: R10=fp0 cb")
 __msg("17: (b7) r0 = 0")
 __msg("18: (95) exit")
 __msg("returning from callee:")

@@ -411,7 +411,7 @@ __msg("mark_precise: frame0: regs=r6 stack= before 5: (b7) r1 = 1")
 __msg("mark_precise: frame0: regs=r6 stack= before 4: (b7) r6 = 3")
 /* State entering callback body popped from states stack */
 __msg("from 9 to 15: frame1:")
-__msg("15: frame1: R1=scalar() R2=0 R10=fp0 cb")
+__msg("15: frame1: R10=fp0 cb")
 __msg("15: (b7) r0 = 0")
 __msg("16: (95) exit")
 __msg("returning from callee:")

@@ -567,7 +567,7 @@ __msg("mark_precise: frame0: regs= stack=-8 before 5: (7b) *(u64 *)(r10 -8) = r6
 __msg("mark_precise: frame0: regs=r6 stack= before 4: (b7) r6 = 3")
 /* State entering callback body popped from states stack */
 __msg("from 10 to 17: frame1:")
-__msg("17: frame1: R1=scalar() R2=0 R10=fp0 cb")
+__msg("17: frame1: R10=fp0 cb")
 __msg("17: (b7) r0 = 0")
 __msg("18: (95) exit")
 __msg("returning from callee:")

@@ -681,7 +681,7 @@ __msg("mark_precise: frame0: last_idx 10 first_idx 7 subseq_idx -1")
 __msg("mark_precise: frame0: regs=r7 stack= before 9: (bf) r1 = r8")
 __msg("mark_precise: frame0: regs=r7 stack= before 8: (27) r7 *= 4")
 __msg("mark_precise: frame0: regs=r7 stack= before 7: (79) r7 = *(u64 *)(r10 -8)")
-__msg("mark_precise: frame0: parent state regs= stack=-8:  R0=2 R6=1 R8=map_value(map=.data.vals,ks=4,vs=16) R10=fp0 fp-8=P1")
+__msg("mark_precise: frame0: parent state regs= stack=-8:  R8=map_value(map=.data.vals,ks=4,vs=16) R10=fp0 fp-8=P1")
 __msg("mark_precise: frame0: last_idx 18 first_idx 0 subseq_idx 7")
 __msg("mark_precise: frame0: regs= stack=-8 before 18: (95) exit")
 __msg("mark_precise: frame1: regs= stack= before 17: (0f) r0 += r2")

index aaa2854974c0..c01c0114af1b 100644
@@ -25,10 +25,10 @@ static bool check_prog_load(int prog_fd, bool expect_err, const char *tag)
 
 static struct {
 	/* strategically placed before others to avoid accidental modification by kernel */
-	char filler[1024];
-	char buf[1024];
+	char filler[16384];
+	char buf[16384];
 	/* strategically placed after buf[] to catch more accidental corruptions */
-	char reference[1024];
+	char reference[16384];
 } logs;
 static const struct bpf_insn *insns;
 static size_t insn_cnt;

index 0281955139c7..a3f779abd00e 100644
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 #include <linux/bpf.h>
 #include <bpf/bpf_helpers.h>
+#include "../../../include/linux/filter.h"
 #include "bpf_misc.h"
 
 char _license[] SEC("license") = "GPL";

@@ -13,6 +14,15 @@ struct {
 	__type(value, long long);
 } map SEC(".maps");
 
+struct {
+	__uint(type, BPF_MAP_TYPE_ARRAY);
+	__uint(max_entries, 1);
+	__type(key, __u32);
+	__type(value, __u64);
+} array_map_8b SEC(".maps");
+
+const char snprintf_u64_fmt[] = "%llu";
+
 SEC("socket")
 __log_level(2)
 __msg("0: (79) r1 = *(u64 *)(r10 -8)        ; use: fp0-8")

@@ -154,6 +164,33 @@ static __used __naked void read_first_param(void)
 	::: __clobber_all);
 }
 
+SEC("socket")
+__success
+__naked void arg_track_join_convergence(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"r1 = 1;"
+	"r2 = 2;"
+	"call arg_track_join_convergence_subprog;"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+static __used __naked void arg_track_join_convergence_subprog(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"if r1 == 0 goto 1f;"
+	"r0 = r1;"
+	"goto 2f;"
+"1:"
+	"r0 = r2;"
+"2:"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
 SEC("socket")
 __flag(BPF_F_TEST_STATE_FREQ)
 __log_level(2)

@@ -324,3 +361,2095 @@ static __used __naked unsigned long write_tail_call(void)
           __imm_addr(map_array)
         : __clobber_all);
 }
+
+/* Test precise subprog stack access analysis.
+ * Caller passes fp-32 (SPI 3) to callee that only accesses arg+0 and arg+8
+ * (SPIs 3 and 2). Slots 0 and 1 should NOT be live at the call site.
+ *
+ * Insn layout:
+ *   0: *(u64*)(r10 - 8) = 0      write SPI 0
+ *   1: *(u64*)(r10 - 16) = 0     write SPI 1
+ *   2: *(u64*)(r10 - 24) = 0     write SPI 2
+ *   3: *(u64*)(r10 - 32) = 0     write SPI 3
+ *   4: r1 = r10
+ *   5: r1 += -32
+ *   6: call precise_read_two      passes fp-32 (SPI 3)
+ *   7: r0 = 0
+ *   8: exit
+ *
+ * At insn 6 only SPIs 2,3 should be live (slots 4-7, 0xf0).
+ * SPIs 0,1 are written but never read → dead.
+ */
+SEC("socket")
+__log_level(2)
+__msg("6: (85) call pc+{{.*}}                   ; use: fp0-24 fp0-32{{$}}")
+__naked void subprog_precise_stack_access(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 8) = 0;"
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 16) = 0;"
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 24) = 0;"
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 32) = 0;"
+	"r1 = r10;"
+	"r1 += -32;"
+	"call precise_read_two;"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+/* Callee reads only at arg+0 (SPI 3) and arg+8 (SPI 2) */
+static __used __naked void precise_read_two(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"r0 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);"
+	"r2 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 8);"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+/* Test that multi-level subprog calls (callee passes arg-derived ptr
+ * to another BPF subprog) are analyzed precisely.
+ *
+ * Caller passes fp-32 (SPI 3). The callee forwards it to inner_callee.
+ * inner_callee only reads at offset 0 from the pointer.
+ * The analysis recurses into forward_to_inner -> inner_callee and
+ * determines only SPI 3 is accessed (slots 6-7, 0xc0), not all of SPIs 0-3.
+ *
+ * Insn layout:
+ *   0: *(u64*)(r10 - 8) = 0      write SPI 0
+ *   1: *(u64*)(r10 - 16) = 0     write SPI 1
+ *   2: *(u64*)(r10 - 24) = 0     write SPI 2
+ *   3: *(u64*)(r10 - 32) = 0     write SPI 3
+ *   4: r1 = r10
+ *   5: r1 += -32
+ *   6: call forward_to_inner      passes fp-32 (SPI 3)
+ *   7: r0 = 0
+ *   8: exit
+ */
+SEC("socket")
+__log_level(2)
+__msg("6: (85) call pc+{{.*}}                   ; use: fp0-32{{$}}")
+__naked void subprog_multilevel_conservative(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 8) = 0;"
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 16) = 0;"
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 24) = 0;"
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 32) = 0;"
+	"r1 = r10;"
+	"r1 += -32;"
+	"call forward_to_inner;"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+/* Forwards arg to another subprog */
+static __used __naked void forward_to_inner(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"call inner_callee;"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+static __used __naked void inner_callee(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"r0 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+/* Test multi-frame precision loss: callee consumes caller stack early,
+ * but static liveness keeps it live at pruning points inside callee.
+ *
+ * Caller stores map_ptr or scalar(42) at fp-8, then calls
+ * consume_and_call_inner. The callee reads fp0-8 at entry (consuming
+ * the slot), then calls do_nothing2. After do_nothing2 returns (a
+ * pruning point), fp-8 should be dead -- the read already happened.
+ * But because the call instruction's stack_use includes SPI 0, the
+ * static live_stack_before at insn 7 is 0x1, keeping fp-8 live inside
+ * the callee and preventing state pruning between the two paths.
+ *
+ * Insn layout:
+ *   0: call bpf_get_prandom_u32
+ *   1: if r0 == 42 goto pc+2    -> insn 4
+ *   2: r0 = map ll (ldimm64 part1)
+ *   3: (ldimm64 part2)
+ *   4: *(u64)(r10 - 8) = r0     fp-8 = map_ptr OR scalar(42)
+ *   5: r1 = r10
+ *   6: r1 += -8
+ *   7: call consume_and_call_inner
+ *   8: r0 = 0
+ *   9: exit
+ *
+ * At insn 7, live_stack_before = 0x3 (slots 0-1 live due to stack_use).
+ * At insn 8, live_stack_before = 0x0 (SPI 0 dead, caller doesn't need it).
+ */
+SEC("socket")
+__flag(BPF_F_TEST_STATE_FREQ)
+__log_level(2)
+__success
+__msg(" 7: (85) call pc+{{.*}}                   ; use: fp0-8")
+__msg(" 8: {{.*}} (b7)")
+__naked void callee_consumed_caller_stack(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"call %[bpf_get_prandom_u32];"
+	"if r0 == 42 goto 1f;"
+	"r0 = %[map] ll;"
+"1:"
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 8) = r0;"
+	"r1 = r10;"
+	"r1 += -8;"
+	"call consume_and_call_inner;"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	:
+	: __imm(bpf_get_prandom_u32),
+	  __imm_addr(map)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+static __used __naked void consume_and_call_inner(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"r0 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);"	/* read fp[0]-8 into caller-saved r0 */
+	"call do_nothing2;"		/* inner call clobbers r0 */
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"goto +0;"			/* checkpoint */
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"goto +0;"			/* checkpoint */
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"goto +0;"			/* checkpoint */
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"goto +0;"			/* checkpoint */
+	"exit;"
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+static __used __naked void do_nothing2(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Reproducer for unsound pruning when clean_verifier_state() promotes
+ * live STACK_ZERO bytes to STACK_MISC.
+ *
+ * Program shape:
+ * - Build key at fp-4:
+ *   - path A keeps key byte as STACK_ZERO;
+ *   - path B writes unknown byte making it STACK_MISC.
+ * - Branches merge at a prune point before map_lookup.
+ * - map_lookup on ARRAY map is value-sensitive to constant zero key:
+ *   - path A: const key 0 => PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE (non-NULL);
+ *   - path B: non-const key => PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE_OR_NULL.
+ * - Dereference lookup result without null check.
+ *
+ * Note this behavior won't trigger at fp-8, since the verifier will
+ * track 32-bit scalar spill differently as spilled_ptr.
+ *
+ * Correct verifier behavior: reject (path B unsafe).
+ * With blanket STACK_ZERO->STACK_MISC promotion on live slots, cached path A
+ * state can be generalized and incorrectly prune path B, making program load.
+ */
+SEC("socket")
+__flag(BPF_F_TEST_STATE_FREQ)
+__failure __msg("R0 invalid mem access 'map_value_or_null'")
+__naked void stack_zero_to_misc_unsound_array_lookup(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	/* key at fp-4: all bytes STACK_ZERO */
+	"*(u32 *)(r10 - 4) = 0;"
+	"call %[bpf_get_prandom_u32];"
+	/* fall-through (path A) explored first */
+	"if r0 != 0 goto l_nonconst%=;"
+	/* path A: keep key constant zero */
+	"goto l_lookup%=;"
+"l_nonconst%=:"
+	/* path B: key byte turns to STACK_MISC, key no longer const */
+	"*(u8 *)(r10 - 4) = r0;"
+"l_lookup%=:"
+	/* value-sensitive lookup */
+	"r2 = r10;"
+	"r2 += -4;"
+	"r1 = %[array_map_8b] ll;"
+	"call %[bpf_map_lookup_elem];"
+	/* unsafe when lookup result is map_value_or_null */
+	"r0 = *(u64 *)(r0 + 0);"
+	"exit;"
+	:
+	: __imm(bpf_get_prandom_u32),
+	  __imm(bpf_map_lookup_elem),
+	  __imm_addr(array_map_8b)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Subprog variant of stack_zero_to_misc_unsound_array_lookup.
+ *
+ * Check unsound pruning when a callee modifies the caller's
+ * stack through a pointer argument.
+ *
+ * Program shape:
+ *   main:
+ *     *(u32)(fp - 4) = 0            key = 0 (all bytes STACK_ZERO)
+ *     r1 = fp - 4
+ *     call maybe_clobber_key        may overwrite key[0] with scalar
+ *     <-- prune point: two states meet here -->
+ *     r2 = fp - 4
+ *     r1 = array_map_8b
+ *     call bpf_map_lookup_elem      value-sensitive on const-zero key
+ *     r0 = *(u64)(r0 + 0)           deref without null check
+ *     exit
+ *
+ *   maybe_clobber_key(r1):
+ *     r6 = r1                       save &key
+ *     call bpf_get_prandom_u32
+ *     if r0 == 0 goto skip          path A: key stays STACK_ZERO
+ *     *(u8)(r6 + 0) = r0            path B: key[0] becomes STACK_MISC
+ *   skip:
+ *     r0 = 0
+ *     exit
+ *
+ * Path A: const-zero key => array lookup => PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE => deref OK.
+ * Path B: non-const key  => array lookup => PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE_OR_NULL => UNSAFE.
+ *
+ * If the cleaner collapses STACK_ZERO -> STACK_MISC for the live key
+ * slot, path A's cached state matches path B, pruning the unsafe path.
+ *
+ * Correct verifier behaviour: reject.
+ */
+SEC("socket")
+__flag(BPF_F_TEST_STATE_FREQ)
+__failure __msg("R0 invalid mem access 'map_value_or_null'")
+__naked void subprog_stack_zero_to_misc_unsound(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	/* key at fp-4: all bytes STACK_ZERO */
+	"*(u32 *)(r10 - 4) = 0;"
+	/* subprog may clobber key[0] with a scalar byte */
+	"r1 = r10;"
+	"r1 += -4;"
+	"call maybe_clobber_key;"
+	/* value-sensitive array lookup */
+	"r2 = r10;"
+	"r2 += -4;"
+	"r1 = %[array_map_8b] ll;"
+	"call %[bpf_map_lookup_elem];"
+	/* unsafe when result is map_value_or_null (path B) */
+	"r0 = *(u64 *)(r0 + 0);"
+	"exit;"
+	:
+	: __imm(bpf_map_lookup_elem),
+	  __imm_addr(array_map_8b)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+static __used __naked void maybe_clobber_key(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"r6 = r1;"
+	"call %[bpf_get_prandom_u32];"
+	/* path A (r0==0): key stays STACK_ZERO, explored first */
+	"if r0 == 0 goto 1f;"
+	/* path B (r0!=0): overwrite key[0] with scalar */
+	"*(u8 *)(r6 + 0) = r0;"
+	"1:"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	:: __imm(bpf_get_prandom_u32)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Demonstrate that subprog arg spill/reload breaks arg tracking,
+ * inflating caller stack liveness and preventing state pruning.
+ *
+ * modifier2(fp-24) has two paths: one writes a scalar to *(r1+8)
+ * = caller fp-16, the other leaves it as zero.  After modifier2
+ * returns, fp-16 is never read again — it is dead.
+ *
+ * spill_reload_reader2(fp-24) only reads caller fp-8 via
+ * *(r1+16), but it spills r1 across a helper call.  This
+ * breaks compute_subprog_arg_access(): the reload from callee
+ * stack cannot be connected back to arg1, so arg1 access goes
+ * "all (conservative)".  At the call site (r1 = fp-24, slot 5)
+ * apply_callee_stack_access() marks slots 0..5 as stack_use —
+ * pulling fp-16 (slots 2-3) into live_stack_before even though
+ * the reader never touches it.
+ *
+ * Result: at modifier2's return point two states with different
+ * fp-16 values cannot be pruned.
+ *
+ * With correct (or old dynamic) liveness fp-16 is dead at that
+ * point and the states prune → "6: safe" appears in the log.
+ */
+SEC("socket")
+__flag(BPF_F_TEST_STATE_FREQ)
+__log_level(2)
+__success
+__msg("6: safe")
+__naked void spill_reload_inflates_stack_liveness(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	/* struct at fp-24: { ctx; ptr; tail; } */
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 24) = r1;"		/* fp-24 = ctx */
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 16) = r1;"		/* fp-16 = ctx (STACK_SPILL ptr) */
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 8) = 0;"		/* fp-8  = tail */
+	/* modifier2 writes different values to fp-16 on two paths */
+	"r1 = r10;"
+	"r1 += -24;"
+	"call modifier2;"
+	/* insn 6: prune point — two states with different fp-16
+	 * path A: fp-16 = STACK_MISC  (scalar overwrote pointer)
+	 * path B: fp-16 = STACK_SPILL (original ctx pointer)
+	 * STACK_MISC does NOT subsume STACK_SPILL(ptr),
+	 * so pruning fails unless fp-16 is cleaned (dead).
+	 */
+	"r1 = r10;"
+	"r1 += -24;"
+	"call spill_reload_reader2;"		/* reads fp-8 via *(r1+16) */
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+/* Two paths: one writes a scalar to *(r1+8) = caller fp-16,
+ * the other leaves it unchanged.  Both return 0 via separate
+ * exits to prevent pruning inside the subprog at the merge.
+ */
+static __used __naked void modifier2(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"r6 = r1;"
+	"call %[bpf_get_prandom_u32];"
+	"if r0 == 0 goto 1f;"
+	"*(u64 *)(r6 + 8) = r0;"		/* fp-16 = random */
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"					/* path A exit */
+	"1:"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"					/* path B exit */
+	:: __imm(bpf_get_prandom_u32)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+/* Receives r1 = caller fp-24.  Only reads *(r1+16) = fp-8.
+ * Spills r1 across a helper call → arg tracking goes conservative →
+ * slots 0..5 all appear used instead of just slot 1 (fp-8).
+ */
+static __used __naked void spill_reload_reader2(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 8) = r1;"		/* spill arg1 */
+	"call %[bpf_get_prandom_u32];"		/* clobbers r1-r5 */
+	"r1 = *(u64 *)(r10 - 8);"		/* reload arg1 */
+	"r0 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 16);"		/* read caller fp-8 */
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	:: __imm(bpf_get_prandom_u32)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+/* BTF FUNC records are not generated for kfuncs referenced
+ * from inline assembly. These records are necessary for
+ * libbpf to link the program. The function below is a hack
+ * to ensure that BTF FUNC records are generated.
+ */
+void __kfunc_btf_root(void)
+{
+	bpf_iter_num_new(0, 0, 0);
+	bpf_iter_num_next(0);
+	bpf_iter_num_destroy(0);
+}
+
+/* Test that open-coded iterator kfunc arguments get precise stack
+ * liveness tracking. struct bpf_iter_num is 8 bytes (1 SPI).
+ *
+ * Insn layout:
+ *   0: *(u64*)(r10 - 8) = 0      write SPI 0 (dead)
+ *   1: *(u64*)(r10 - 16) = 0     write SPI 1 (dead)
+ *   2: r1 = r10
+ *   3: r1 += -24                 iter state at fp-24 (SPI 2)
+ *   4: r2 = 0
+ *   5: r3 = 10
+ *   6: call bpf_iter_num_new     defines SPI 2 (KF_ITER_NEW) → 0x0
+ *   7-8: r1 = fp-24
+ *   9: call bpf_iter_num_next    uses SPI 2 → 0x30
+ *  10: if r0 == 0 goto 2f
+ *  11: goto 1b
+ *  12-13: r1 = fp-24
+ *  14: call bpf_iter_num_destroy uses SPI 2 → 0x30
+ *  15: r0 = 0
+ *  16: exit
+ *
+ * At insn 6, SPI 2 is defined (KF_ITER_NEW initializes, doesn't read),
+ * so it kills liveness from successors. live_stack_before = 0x0.
+ * At insns 9 and 14, SPI 2 is used (iter_next/destroy read the state),
+ * so live_stack_before = 0x30.
+ */
+SEC("socket")
+__success __log_level(2)
+__msg(" 6: (85) call bpf_iter_num_new{{.*}}          ; def: fp0-24{{$}}")
+__msg(" 9: (85) call bpf_iter_num_next{{.*}}         ; use: fp0-24{{$}}")
+__msg("14: (85) call bpf_iter_num_destroy{{.*}}      ; use: fp0-24{{$}}")
+__naked void kfunc_iter_stack_liveness(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 8) = 0;"	/* SPI 0 - dead */
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 16) = 0;"	/* SPI 1 - dead */
+	"r1 = r10;"
+	"r1 += -24;"
+	"r2 = 0;"
+	"r3 = 10;"
+	"call %[bpf_iter_num_new];"
+"1:"
+	"r1 = r10;"
+	"r1 += -24;"
+	"call %[bpf_iter_num_next];"
+	"if r0 == 0 goto 2f;"
+	"goto 1b;"
+"2:"
+	"r1 = r10;"
+	"r1 += -24;"
+	"call %[bpf_iter_num_destroy];"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	:: __imm(bpf_iter_num_new),
+	   __imm(bpf_iter_num_next),
+	   __imm(bpf_iter_num_destroy)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Test for soundness bug in static stack liveness analysis.
+ *
+ * The static pre-pass tracks FP-derived register offsets to determine
+ * which stack slots are accessed. When a PTR_TO_STACK is spilled to
+ * the stack and later reloaded, the reload (BPF_LDX) kills FP-derived
+ * tracking, making subsequent accesses through the reloaded pointer
+ * invisible to the static analysis.
+ *
+ * This causes the analysis to incorrectly mark SPI 0 as dead at the
+ * merge point. clean_verifier_state() zeros it in the cached state,
+ * and stacksafe() accepts the new state against STACK_INVALID,
+ * enabling incorrect pruning.
+ *
+ * Path A (verified first): stores PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE in SPI 0
+ * Path B (verified second): stores scalar 42 in SPI 0
+ * After merge: reads SPI 0 through spilled/reloaded PTR_TO_STACK
+ * and dereferences the result as a pointer.
+ *
+ * Correct behavior: reject (path B dereferences a scalar)
+ * Bug behavior: accept (path B is incorrectly pruned)
+ */
+SEC("socket")
+__flag(BPF_F_TEST_STATE_FREQ)
+__failure __msg("R0 invalid mem access 'scalar'")
+__naked void spill_ptr_liveness_type_confusion(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	/* Map lookup to get PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE */
+	"r1 = %[map] ll;"
+	"*(u32 *)(r10 - 32) = 0;"
+	"r2 = r10;"
+	"r2 += -32;"
+	"call %[bpf_map_lookup_elem];"
+	"if r0 == 0 goto l_exit%=;"
+	/* r6 = PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE (callee-saved) */
+	"r6 = r0;"
+	/* Branch: fall-through (path A) verified first */
+	"call %[bpf_get_prandom_u32];"
+	"if r0 != 0 goto l_scalar%=;"
+	/* Path A: store map value ptr at SPI 0 */
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 8) = r6;"
+	"goto l_merge%=;"
+"l_scalar%=:"
+	/* Path B: store scalar at SPI 0 */
+	"r1 = 42;"
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 8) = r1;"
+"l_merge%=:"
+	/*
+	 * Spill PTR_TO_STACK{off=-8} to SPI 1, then reload.
+	 * Reload kills FP-derived tracking, hiding the
+	 * subsequent SPI 0 access from the static analysis.
+	 */
+	"r1 = r10;"
+	"r1 += -8;"
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 16) = r1;"
+	"goto +0;"			/* checkpoint */
+	"goto +0;"			/* checkpoint */
+	"goto +0;"			/* checkpoint */
+	"r1 = *(u64 *)(r10 - 16);"
+	/* Read SPI 0 through reloaded pointer */
+	"r0 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);"
+	/* Dereference: safe for map value (path A),
+	 * unsafe for scalar (path B).
+	 */
+	"r0 = *(u64 *)(r0 + 0);"
+	"exit;"
+"l_exit%=:"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	:
+	: __imm(bpf_map_lookup_elem),
+	  __imm(bpf_get_prandom_u32),
+	  __imm_addr(map)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+/* === Tests for 4-byte stack slot liveness granularity === */
+
+/* Test that a 4-byte aligned write is stack_def and kills liveness.
+ *
+ *   0: *(u64 *)(r10 - 8) = 0      def slots 0,1 (full SPI 0)
+ *   1: *(u32 *)(r10 - 8) = 0      def slot 1 (4-byte write kills slot 1)
+ *   2: r0 = *(u64 *)(r10 - 8)     use slots 0,1
+ *   3: r0 = 0
+ *   4: exit
+ *
+ * At insn 1, the 4-byte write defines slot 1. Slot 0 still flows
+ * backward from insn 2's read: live_stack_before = 0x1.
+ */
+SEC("socket")
+__log_level(2)
+__msg("1: (62) *(u32 *)(r10 -8) = 0         ; def: fp0-8h")
+__naked void four_byte_write_kills_slot(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 8) = 0;"
+	"*(u32 *)(r10 - 8) = 0;"
+	"r0 = *(u64 *)(r10 - 8);"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+/* Test that a write to the upper half of an SPI is dead when only
+ * the lower half is read. This was impossible at SPI granularity
+ * where any read of the SPI kept the entire SPI live.
+ *
+ *   0: *(u32 *)(r10 - 8) = 0      def slot 1 (DEAD: never read)
+ *   1: *(u32 *)(r10 - 4) = 0      def slot 0
+ *   2: r0 = *(u32 *)(r10 - 4)     use slot 0 only
+ *   3: r0 = 0
+ *   4: exit
+ *
+ * At insn 0, nothing is live (0x0). Previously at SPI granularity,
+ * the read at insn 2 would mark the full SPI 0 as live and the
+ * 4-byte writes wouldn't count as def, so insn 0 would have had
+ * SPI 0 live (0x1).
+ */
+SEC("socket")
+__log_level(2)
+__msg("0: (62) *(u32 *)(r10 -8) = 0         ; def: fp0-8h")
+__msg("2: (61) r0 = *(u32 *)(r10 -4)        ; use: fp0-4h")
+__naked void dead_half_spi_write(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"*(u32 *)(r10 - 8) = 0;"
+	"*(u32 *)(r10 - 4) = 0;"
+	"r0 = *(u32 *)(r10 - 4);"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+/* Test that a 4-byte read from the upper half of SPI 0 makes only
+ * slot 1 live (0x2), not the full SPI (0x3).
+ *
+ *   0: *(u64 *)(r10 - 8) = 0      def slots 0,1
+ *   1: r0 = *(u32 *)(r10 - 8)     use slot 1 only (upper half)
+ *   2: r0 = 0
+ *   3: exit
+ *
+ * At insn 1, live_stack_before = 0x2 (slot 1 only).
+ */
+SEC("socket")
+__log_level(2)
+__msg("1: (61) r0 = *(u32 *)(r10 -8)        ; use: fp0-8h")
+__naked void four_byte_read_upper_half(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 8) = 0;"
+	"r0 = *(u32 *)(r10 - 8);"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+/* Test that a 2-byte write does NOT count as stack_def.
+ * Sub-4-byte writes don't fully cover a 4-byte slot,
+ * so liveness passes through.
+ *
+ *   0: *(u64 *)(r10 - 8) = 0      def slots 0,1
+ *   1: *(u16 *)(r10 - 4) = 0      NOT stack_def (2 < 4 bytes)
+ *   2: r0 = *(u32 *)(r10 - 4)     use slot 0
+ *   3: r0 = 0
+ *   4: exit
+ *
+ * At insn 1, slot 0 still live (0x1) because 2-byte write
+ * didn't kill it.
+ */
+SEC("socket")
+__log_level(2)
+__msg("0: (7a) *(u64 *)(r10 -8) = 0         ; def: fp0-8")
+__msg("1: (6a) *(u16 *)(r10 -4) = 0{{$}}")
+__msg("2: (61) r0 = *(u32 *)(r10 -4)        ; use: fp0-4h")
+__naked void two_byte_write_no_kill(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 8) = 0;"
+	"*(u16 *)(r10 - 4) = 0;"
+	"r0 = *(u32 *)(r10 - 4);"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+/* Test that a 1-byte write does NOT count as stack_def.
+ *
+ *   0: *(u64 *)(r10 - 8) = 0      def slots 0,1
+ *   1: *(u8 *)(r10 - 4) = 0       NOT stack_def (1 < 4 bytes)
+ *   2: r0 = *(u32 *)(r10 - 4)     use slot 0
+ *   3: r0 = 0
+ *   4: exit
+ *
+ * At insn 1, slot 0 still live (0x1).
+ */
+SEC("socket")
+__log_level(2)
+__msg("0: (7a) *(u64 *)(r10 -8) = 0         ; def: fp0-8")
+__msg("1: (72) *(u8 *)(r10 -4) = 0")
+__msg("2: (61) r0 = *(u32 *)(r10 -4)        ; use: fp0-4h")
+__naked void one_byte_write_no_kill(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 8) = 0;"
+	"*(u8 *)(r10 - 4) = 0;"
+	"r0 = *(u32 *)(r10 - 4);"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+/* Test stack access beyond fp-256 exercising the second bitmask word.
+ * fp-264 is SPI 32, slots 64-65, which are bits 0-1 of live_stack[1].
+ *
+ *   0: *(u64 *)(r10 - 264) = 0     def slots 64,65
+ *   1: r0 = *(u64 *)(r10 - 264)    use slots 64,65
+ *   2: r0 = 0
+ *   3: exit
+ *
+ * At insn 1, live_stack high word has bits 0,1 set: 0x3:0x0.
+ */
+SEC("socket")
+__log_level(2)
+__msg("1: (79) r0 = *(u64 *)(r10 -264)      ; use: fp0-264")
+__naked void high_stack_second_bitmask_word(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 264) = 0;"
+	"r0 = *(u64 *)(r10 - 264);"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+/* Test that two separate 4-byte writes to each half of an SPI
+ * together kill liveness for the full SPI.
+ *
+ *   0: *(u32 *)(r10 - 8) = 0      def slot 1 (upper half)
+ *   1: *(u32 *)(r10 - 4) = 0      def slot 0 (lower half)
+ *   2: r0 = *(u64 *)(r10 - 8)     use slots 0,1
+ *   3: r0 = 0
+ *   4: exit
+ *
+ * At insn 0: live_stack_before = 0x0 (both slots killed by insns 0,1).
+ * At insn 1: live_stack_before = 0x2 (slot 1 still live, slot 0 killed here).
+ */
+SEC("socket")
+__log_level(2)
+__msg("0: (62) *(u32 *)(r10 -8) = 0         ; def: fp0-8h")
+__msg("1: (62) *(u32 *)(r10 -4) = 0         ; def: fp0-4h")
+__naked void two_four_byte_writes_kill_full_spi(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"*(u32 *)(r10 - 8) = 0;"
+	"*(u32 *)(r10 - 4) = 0;"
+	"r0 = *(u64 *)(r10 - 8);"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+/* Test that 4-byte writes on both branches kill a slot at the
+ * join point. Previously at SPI granularity, a 4-byte write was
+ * not stack_def, so liveness would flow backward through the
+ * branch that only had a 4-byte write.
+ *
+ *   0: call bpf_get_prandom_u32
+ *   1: if r0 != 0 goto 1f
+ *   2: *(u64 *)(r10 - 8) = 0       path A: def slots 0,1
+ *   3: goto 2f
+ * 1:4: *(u32 *)(r10 - 4) = 0       path B: def slot 0
+ * 2:5: r0 = *(u32 *)(r10 - 4)      use slot 0
+ *   6: r0 = 0
+ *   7: exit
+ *
+ * Both paths define slot 0 before the read. At insn 1 (branch),
+ * live_stack_before = 0x0 because slot 0 is killed on both paths.
+ */
+SEC("socket")
+__log_level(2)
+__msg("1: (55) if r0 != 0x0 goto pc+2")
+__msg("2: (7a) *(u64 *)(r10 -8) = 0         ; def: fp0-8")
+__msg("3: (05) goto pc+1")
+__msg("4: (62) *(u32 *)(r10 -4) = 0         ; def: fp0-4h")
+__msg("5: (61) r0 = *(u32 *)(r10 -4)        ; use: fp0-4h")
+__naked void both_branches_kill_slot(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"call %[bpf_get_prandom_u32];"
+	"if r0 != 0 goto 1f;"
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 8) = 0;"
+	"goto 2f;"
+"1:"
+	"*(u32 *)(r10 - 4) = 0;"
+"2:"
+	"r0 = *(u32 *)(r10 - 4);"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	:: __imm(bpf_get_prandom_u32)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+/* Soundness: cleaning the dead upper half of an SPI must not
+ * affect the live lower half's type information for pruning.
+ *
+ * Both halves of SPI 0 are written separately. Only the lower
+ * half (slot 0) is used as a 4-byte map key. The upper half
+ * (slot 1) is dead and cleaned to STACK_INVALID.
+ *
+ * Path A: key stays 0 (STACK_ZERO) → non-null array lookup
+ * Path B: key byte turns STACK_MISC → may-null array lookup
+ * Deref without null check: safe for A, unsafe for B.
+ *
+ * If half-SPI cleaning incorrectly corrupted the live half's
+ * type info, path A's cached state could generalize and unsoundly
+ * prune path B.
+ *
+ * Expected: reject (path B unsafe).
+ */
+SEC("socket")
+__flag(BPF_F_TEST_STATE_FREQ)
+__failure __msg("R0 invalid mem access 'map_value_or_null'")
+__naked void half_spi_clean_preserves_stack_zero(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"*(u32 *)(r10 - 4) = 0;"           /* slot 0: STACK_ZERO */
+	"*(u32 *)(r10 - 8) = 0;"           /* slot 1: STACK_ZERO (dead) */
+	"call %[bpf_get_prandom_u32];"
+	"if r0 != 0 goto l_nonconst%=;"
+	"goto l_lookup%=;"
+"l_nonconst%=:"
+	"*(u8 *)(r10 - 4) = r0;"           /* slot 0: STACK_MISC */
+"l_lookup%=:"
+	"r2 = r10;"
+	"r2 += -4;"
+	"r1 = %[array_map_8b] ll;"
+	"call %[bpf_map_lookup_elem];"
+	"r0 = *(u64 *)(r0 + 0);"           /* unsafe if null */
+	"exit;"
+	:
+	: __imm(bpf_get_prandom_u32),
+	  __imm(bpf_map_lookup_elem),
+	  __imm_addr(array_map_8b)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Model of scx_lavd's pick_idle_cpu_at_cpdom iat block:
+ * conditional block with helper call and temporary stack spill,
+ * spill dead after merge.
+ *
+ * Path A (fall-through): spill r6 to fp-8 across helper call
+ * Path B (branch taken): skip the block entirely
+ * At merge (insn 6): fp-8 is dead (never read after merge)
+ *
+ * Static liveness marks fp-8 dead at merge. clean_verifier_state()
+ * converts path A's STACK_SPILL to STACK_INVALID. Path B has
+ * STACK_INVALID. stacksafe() matches -> path B pruned -> "6: safe".
+ */
+SEC("socket")
+__flag(BPF_F_TEST_STATE_FREQ)
+__success
+__log_level(2)
+__msg("6: safe")
+__naked void dead_spill_at_merge_enables_pruning(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"call %[bpf_get_prandom_u32];"
+	"r6 = 7;"
+	"if r0 != 0 goto l_skip%=;"
+	/* conditional block: spill, call, reload */
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 8) = r6;"
+	"call %[bpf_get_prandom_u32];"
+	"r6 = *(u64 *)(r10 - 8);"
+"l_skip%=:"
+	/* fp-8 dead. Path B pruned here -> "6: safe" */
+	"r0 = r6;"
+	"exit;"
+	:
+	: __imm(bpf_get_prandom_u32)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+/*
+ * FP-offset tracking loses precision on second ADD, killing all liveness.
+ *
+ * fp_off_insn_xfer() handles "FP itself + negative imm" precisely
+ * (e.g. r6 = r10; r6 += -24 -> slot 5).  But any subsequent ADD/SUB
+ * on a register that already has non-zero spis falls through to
+ * spis_set_all(), because the code only handles the FP-itself case.
+ *
+ * A write through this imprecise register enters the non-zero-spis
+ * branch of set_indirect_stack_access(), which OR's the all-ones
+ * mask into stack_def.  The backward liveness equation
+ *
+ *   stack_in = (stack_out & ~stack_def) | stack_use
+ *
+ * sees ~ALL = 0, killing ALL slot liveness at that instruction.
+ *
+ * At the merge pruning point, live_stack_before is empty.
+ * clean_verifier_state() marks fp-8 as STACK_INVALID.
+ * stacksafe() skips STACK_INVALID (line "continue"), so pruning
+ * succeeds regardless of the current state's fp-8 value.
+ * Path B is pruned, its null deref is never explored.
+ *
+ * Correct behavior: reject (path B dereferences NULL).
+ * Bug behavior: accept (path B pruned away).
+ */
+SEC("socket")
+__flag(BPF_F_TEST_STATE_FREQ)
+__failure __msg("R1 invalid mem access 'scalar'")
+__naked void fp_add_loses_precision_kills_liveness(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"call %[bpf_get_prandom_u32];"
+	"if r0 != 0 goto l_pathB%=;"
+
+	/* Path A (fall-through, explored first): fp-8 = 0 */
+	"r1 = 0;"
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 8) = r1;"
+	"goto l_merge%=;"
+
+"l_pathB%=:"
+	/* Path B (explored second): fp-8 = 42 */
+	"r1 = 42;"
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 8) = r1;"
+
+"l_merge%=:"
+	/*
+	 * Create imprecise FP-derived register.
+	 * r6 = r10 - 24 gets precise slot 5.
+	 * r6 += 8 hits the else branch (spis non-zero, delta > 0)
+	 * and sets spis to ALL.  r6 is actually r10-16.
+	 */
+	"r6 = r10;"
+	"r6 += -24;"
+	"r6 += 8;"
+
+	/*
+	 * Write through imprecise r6.  Actually writes to fp-16
+	 * (does NOT touch fp-8), but liveness marks ALL slots
+	 * as stack_def, killing fp-8's liveness.
+	 */
+	"r7 = 0;"
+	"*(u64 *)(r6 + 0) = r7;"
+
+	/* Read fp-8: liveness says dead, but value is needed. */
+	"r2 = *(u64 *)(r10 - 8);"
+	"if r2 == 42 goto l_danger%=;"
+
+	/* r2 != 42 (path A: r2 == 0): safe exit */
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+
+"l_danger%=:"
+	/* Only reachable from path B (r2 == 42): null deref */
+	"r1 = 0;"
+	"r0 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);"
+	"exit;"
+	:
+	: __imm(bpf_get_prandom_u32)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+SEC("socket")
+__flag(BPF_F_TEST_STATE_FREQ)
+__failure __msg("R1 invalid mem access 'scalar'")
+__naked void fp_spill_loses_precision_kills_liveness(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"call %[bpf_get_prandom_u32];"
+	"if r0 != 0 goto l_pathB%=;"
+
+	"r1 = 0;"
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 8) = r1;"
+	"goto l_merge%=;"
+
+"l_pathB%=:"
+	"r1 = 42;"
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 8) = r1;"
+
+"l_merge%=:"
+	"r6 = r10;"
+	"r6 += -64;"
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 160) = r6;"
+	"r6 = *(u64 *)(r10 - 160);"
+
+	"r7 = 0;"
+	"*(u64 *)(r6 + 0) = r7;"
+
+	"r2 = *(u64 *)(r10 - 8);"
+	"if r2 == 42 goto l_danger%=;"
+
+	"r0 = *(u64 *)(r10 - 56);"
+	"exit;"
+
+"l_danger%=:"
+	"r1 = 0;"
+	"r0 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);"
+	"exit;"
+	:
+	: __imm(bpf_get_prandom_u32)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+/* === Tests for frame-based AT_FP tracking === */
+
+/*
+ * Test 1: conditional_stx_in_subprog
+ * Subprog conditionally writes caller's slot.
+ * Verify slot stays live (backward pass handles conditional def via CFG).
+ *
+ * Main writes fp-8=42, calls cond_writer(fp-8), reads fp-8.
+ * cond_writer only writes on one path → parent_def only on that path.
+ * The backward parent_live correctly keeps fp-8 live at entry
+ * (conditional write doesn't kill liveness at the join).
+ */
+SEC("socket")
+__log_level(2)
+/* fp-8 live at call (callee conditionally writes → slot not killed) */
+__msg("1: (7b) *(u64 *)(r10 -8) = r1        ; def: fp0-8")
+__msg("4: (85) call pc+2{{$}}")
+__msg("5: (79) r0 = *(u64 *)(r10 -8)        ; use: fp0-8")
+__naked void conditional_stx_in_subprog(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"r1 = 42;"
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 8) = r1;"
+	"r1 = r10;"
+	"r1 += -8;"
+	"call cond_writer;"
+	"r0 = *(u64 *)(r10 - 8);"
+	"exit;"
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+/* Conditionally writes to *(r1+0) */
+static __used __naked void cond_writer(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"r6 = r1;"
+	"call %[bpf_get_prandom_u32];"
+	"if r0 == 0 goto 1f;"
+	"*(u64 *)(r6 + 0) = r0;"
+	"1:"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	:: __imm(bpf_get_prandom_u32)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+SEC("socket")
+__log_level(2)
+__msg("4: (85) call pc+{{.*}}                   ; use: fp0-16")
+__msg("7: (85) call pc+{{.*}}                   ; use: fp0-32")
+__naked void multiple_callsites_different_offsets(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 16) = 0;"
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 32) = 0;"
+	"r1 = r10;"
+	"r1 += -16;"
+	"call read_first_param;"
+	"r1 = r10;"
+	"r1 += -32;"
+	"call read_first_param;"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Test 3: nested_fp_passthrough
+ * main→A→B, main's FP forwarded to B. B accesses main's stack.
+ * Verify liveness propagates through.
+ *
+ * Main passes fp-32 to outer_forwarder, which passes it to inner_reader.
+ * inner_reader reads at arg+0 (= main's fp-32).
+ * parent_live propagates transitively: inner→outer→main.
+ */
+SEC("socket")
+__log_level(2)
+/* At call to outer_forwarder: main's fp-32 (slots 6,7) should be live */
+__msg("6: (85) call pc+{{.*}}                   ; use: fp0-32")
+__naked void nested_fp_passthrough(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 8) = 0;"
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 16) = 0;"
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 24) = 0;"
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 32) = 0;"
+	"r1 = r10;"
+	"r1 += -32;"
+	"call outer_forwarder;"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+/* Forwards arg to inner_reader */
+static __used __naked void outer_forwarder(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"call inner_reader;"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+static __used __naked void inner_reader(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"r0 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Test 4: callee_must_write_before_read
+ * Callee unconditionally writes parent slot before reading.
+ * Verify slot is NOT live at call site (parent_def kills it).
+ */
+SEC("socket")
+__log_level(2)
+/* fp-8 NOT live at call: callee writes before reading (parent_def kills it) */
+__msg("2: .12345.... (85) call pc+")
+__naked void callee_must_write_before_read(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"r1 = r10;"
+	"r1 += -8;"
+	"call write_then_read;"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+/* Unconditionally writes *(r1+0), then reads it back */
+static __used __naked void write_then_read(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"r6 = r1;"
+	"r7 = 99;"
+	"*(u64 *)(r6 + 0) = r7;"
+	"r0 = *(u64 *)(r6 + 0);"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Test 5: return_site_liveness_bleeding
+ * Main calls subprog twice. Slot used after one call but not the other.
+ * Context-insensitive: slot conservatively live at both.
+ *
+ * After first call: read fp-8.
+ * After second call: don't read fp-8.
+ * Since parent_live is per-subprog (not per call-site),
+ * fp-8 is live at both call sites.
+ */
+SEC("socket")
+__log_level(2)
+/* Both calls have fp-8 live due to context-insensitive parent_live */
+__msg("3: (85) call pc+{{.*}}                   ; use: fp0-8")
+__msg("7: (85) call pc+{{.*}}                   ; use: fp0-8")
+__naked void return_site_liveness_bleeding(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 8) = 0;"
+	"r1 = r10;"
+	"r1 += -8;"
+	"call read_first_param;"
+	"r0 = *(u64 *)(r10 - 8);"
+	"r1 = r10;"
+	"r1 += -8;"
+	"call read_first_param;"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+SEC("socket")
+__log_level(2)
+__msg("9: (85) call bpf_loop#181            ; use: fp0-16")
+__naked void callback_conditional_read_beyond_ctx(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"r1 = 42;"
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 8) = r1;"
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 16) = r1;"
+	"r1 = 2;"
+	"r2 = cb_cond_read ll;"
+	"r3 = r10;"
+	"r3 += -8;"
+	"r4 = 0;"
+	"call %[bpf_loop];"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	:: __imm(bpf_loop)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+/* Callback conditionally reads *(ctx - 8) = caller fp-16 */
+static __used __naked void cb_cond_read(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"r6 = r2;"
+	"call %[bpf_get_prandom_u32];"
+	"if r0 == 0 goto 1f;"
+	"r0 = *(u64 *)(r6 - 8);"
+	"1:"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	:: __imm(bpf_get_prandom_u32)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+SEC("socket")
+__log_level(2)
+__msg("14: (7b) *(u64 *)(r6 -8) = r7         ; def: fp0-16")
+__msg("15: (79) r0 = *(u64 *)(r6 -8)         ; use: fp0-16")
+__naked void callback_write_before_read_kills(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"r1 = 42;"
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 8) = r1;"
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 16) = r1;"
+	"r1 = 2;"
+	"r2 = cb_write_read ll;"
+	"r3 = r10;"
+	"r3 += -8;"
+	"r4 = 0;"
+	"call %[bpf_loop];"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	:: __imm(bpf_loop)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+/* Callback unconditionally writes *(ctx-8), then reads it back.
+ * The write (parent_def) kills liveness before entry.
+ */
+static __used __naked void cb_write_read(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"r6 = r2;"
+	"r7 = 99;"
+	"*(u64 *)(r6 - 8) = r7;"
+	"r0 = *(u64 *)(r6 - 8);"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+/*
+ * bpf_loop callback conditionally writes fp-16 then unconditionally
+ * reads it. The conditional write does NOT kill liveness
+ */
+SEC("socket")
+__log_level(2)
+__msg("9: (85) call bpf_loop#181            ; use: fp0-16")
+__naked void callback_conditional_write_preserves(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"r1 = 42;"
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 8) = r1;"
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 16) = r1;"
+	"r1 = 2;"
+	"r2 = cb_cond_write_read ll;"
+	"r3 = r10;"
+	"r3 += -8;"
+	"r4 = 0;"
+	"call %[bpf_loop];"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	:: __imm(bpf_loop)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+static __used __naked void cb_cond_write_read(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"r6 = r2;"
+	"call %[bpf_get_prandom_u32];"
+	"if r0 == 0 goto 1f;"
+	"*(u64 *)(r6 - 8) = r0;"
+	"1:"
+	"r0 = *(u64 *)(r6 - 8);"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	:: __imm(bpf_get_prandom_u32)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Two bpf_loop calls with the same callback but different ctx pointers.
+ *
+ * First call: ctx=fp-8, second call: ctx=fp-24.
+ */
+SEC("socket")
+__log_level(2)
+__msg(" 8: (85) call bpf_loop{{.*}}            ; use: fp0-8")
+__msg("15: (85) call bpf_loop{{.*}}            ; use: fp0-24")
+__naked void callback_two_calls_different_ctx(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 8) = 0;"
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 24) = 0;"
+	"r1 = 1;"
+	"r2 = cb_read_ctx ll;"
+	"r3 = r10;"
+	"r3 += -8;"
+	"r4 = 0;"
+	"call %[bpf_loop];"
+	"r1 = 1;"
+	"r2 = cb_read_ctx ll;"
+	"r3 = r10;"
+	"r3 += -24;"
+	"r4 = 0;"
+	"call %[bpf_loop];"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	:: __imm(bpf_loop)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+/* Callback reads at ctx+0 unconditionally */
+static __used __naked void cb_read_ctx(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"r0 = *(u64 *)(r2 + 0);"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Reproducer for unsound pruning in refined_caller_live_stack().
+ *
+ * Three-level call chain: main → mid_fwd → grandchild_deref.
+ * Main passes &fp-8 to mid_fwd, which forwards R1 to grandchild_deref.
+ * grandchild_deref reads main's fp-8 through the forwarded pointer
+ * and dereferences the result.
+ *
+ * refined_caller_live_stack() has a callee_offset++ when mid_fwd
+ * (frame 1) is mid-call. This drops the transitive parent_live
+ * contribution at mid_fwd's call instruction — the only place
+ * where grandchild_deref's read of main's fp-8 is recorded.
+ * As a result, main's fp-8 is cleaned to STACK_INVALID at the
+ * pruning point inside grandchild_deref, and path B is
+ * incorrectly pruned against path A.
+ *
+ * Path A: main stores PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE at fp-8
+ * Path B: main stores scalar 42 at fp-8
+ *
+ * Correct behavior: reject (path B dereferences scalar)
+ * Bug behavior: accept (path B pruned against cleaned path A)
+ */
+SEC("socket")
+__flag(BPF_F_TEST_STATE_FREQ)
+__failure __msg("R0 invalid mem access 'scalar'")
+__naked void transitive_parent_stack_read_unsound(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	/* Map lookup to get PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE */
+	"r1 = %[map] ll;"
+	"*(u32 *)(r10 - 32) = 0;"
+	"r2 = r10;"
+	"r2 += -32;"
+	"call %[bpf_map_lookup_elem];"
+	"if r0 == 0 goto l_exit%=;"
+	"r6 = r0;"
+	/* Branch: path A (fall-through) explored first */
+	"call %[bpf_get_prandom_u32];"
+	"if r0 != 0 goto l_scalar%=;"
+	/* Path A: fp-8 = PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE */
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 8) = r6;"
+	"goto l_merge%=;"
+"l_scalar%=:"
+	/* Path B: fp-8 = scalar 42 */
+	"r1 = 42;"
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 8) = r1;"
+"l_merge%=:"
+	/* Pass &fp-8 to mid_fwd → grandchild_deref */
+	"r1 = r10;"
+	"r1 += -8;"
+	"call mid_fwd;"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+"l_exit%=:"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	:
+	: __imm(bpf_map_lookup_elem),
+	  __imm(bpf_get_prandom_u32),
+	  __imm_addr(map)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+/* Forwards R1 (ptr to main's fp-8) to grandchild_deref */
+static __used __naked void mid_fwd(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"call grandchild_deref;"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+/* Reads main's fp-8 through forwarded pointer, dereferences result */
+static __used __naked void grandchild_deref(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"goto +0;"				/* checkpoint */
+	"goto +0;"				/* checkpoint */
+	/* read main's fp-8: map_ptr (path A) or scalar (path B) */
+	"r0 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);"
+	/* dereference: safe for map_ptr, unsafe for scalar */
+	"r0 = *(u64 *)(r0 + 0);"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+SEC("socket")
+__log_level(2)
+__success
+__msg("14: (79) r1 = *(u64 *)(r10 -8) // r6=fp0-8 r7=fp1-16 fp-8=fp1-16 fp-16=fp0-8")
+__msg("15: (79) r0 = *(u64 *)(r1 +0) // r1=fp1-16 r6=fp0-8 r7=fp1-16 fp-8=fp1-16 fp-16=fp0-8")
+__msg("stack use/def subprog#1 mid_two_fp_threshold (d1,cs2):")
+__msg("14: (79) r1 = *(u64 *)(r10 -8)        ; use: fp1-8")
+__msg("15: (79) r0 = *(u64 *)(r1 +0)         ; use: fp1-16")
+__naked void two_fp_clear_stack_threshold(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"r1 = r10;"
+	"r1 += -8;"
+	"call mid_two_fp_threshold;"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+static __used __naked void mid_two_fp_threshold(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"r6 = r1;"
+	"r7 = r10;"
+	"r7 += -16;"
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 8) = r7;"
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 16) = r6;"
+	"r1 = r10;"
+	"r1 += -8;"
+	"r2 = r6;"
+	"call inner_nop_fptest;"
+	"r1 = *(u64 *)(r10 - 8);"
+	"r0 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+static __used __naked void inner_nop_fptest(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+SEC("socket")
+__log_level(2)
+__success
+__msg("13: (79) r1 = *(u64 *)(r10 -8) // r6=fp0-8 r7=fp1-16 fp-8=fp1-16 fp-16=fp0-8")
+__msg("14: (79) r0 = *(u64 *)(r1 +0) // r1=fp1-16 r6=fp0-8 r7=fp1-16 fp-8=fp1-16 fp-16=fp0-8")
+__msg("stack use/def subprog#1 mid_one_fp_threshold (d1,cs2):")
+__msg("13: (79) r1 = *(u64 *)(r10 -8)        ; use: fp1-8")
+__msg("14: (79) r0 = *(u64 *)(r1 +0)         ; use: fp1-16")
+__naked void one_fp_clear_stack_threshold(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"r1 = r10;"
+	"r1 += -8;"
+	"call mid_one_fp_threshold;"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+static __used __naked void mid_one_fp_threshold(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"r6 = r1;"
+	"r7 = r10;"
+	"r7 += -16;"
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 8) = r7;"
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 16) = r6;"
+	"r1 = r10;"
+	"r1 += -8;"
+	"call inner_nop_fptest;"
+	"r1 = *(u64 *)(r10 - 8);"
+	"r0 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Reproducer for unsound pruning when a subprog forwards a parent
+ * stack pointer (AT_PARENT) to a helper with a memory argument.
+ *
+ * set_call_stack_access_at() previously only tracked AT_CURRENT args,
+ * skipping AT_PARENT entirely. This meant helper reads through parent
+ * stack pointers did not set parent_use, letting the slot appear dead
+ * at pruning checkpoints inside the subprog.
+ *
+ * Program shape:
+ *   main:
+ *     *(u32)(fp-4) = 0             key = STACK_ZERO (const 0)
+ *     call bpf_get_prandom_u32
+ *     if r0 != 0 goto clobber      path A (fall-through) first
+ *     goto merge
+ *   clobber:
+ *     *(u8)(fp-4) = r0             path B: key[0] = STACK_MISC
+ *   merge:
+ *     r1 = fp - 4
+ *     call fwd_parent_key_to_helper
+ *     r0 = 0
+ *     exit
+ *
+ *   fwd_parent_key_to_helper(r1 = &caller_fp-4):
+ *     goto +0                      checkpoint
+ *     r2 = r1                      R2 = AT_PARENT ptr to caller fp-4
+ *     r1 = array_map_8b ll         R1 = array map
+ *     call bpf_map_lookup_elem     reads key_size(4) from parent fp-4
+ *     r0 = *(u64 *)(r0 + 0)        deref without null check
+ *     r0 = 0
+ *     exit
+ *
+ * Path A: STACK_ZERO key = const 0 -> array lookup -> PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE
+ *         (non-NULL for in-bounds const key) -> deref OK.
+ * Path B: STACK_MISC key = unknown -> array lookup ->
+ *         PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE_OR_NULL -> deref UNSAFE.
+ *
+ * Bug: AT_PARENT R2 arg to bpf_map_lookup_elem skipped -> parent_use
+ *      not set -> fp-4 cleaned at checkpoint -> STACK_ZERO collapses
+ *      to STACK_INVALID -> path B pruned -> deref never checked.
+ *
+ * Correct verifier behavior: reject (path B deref of map_value_or_null).
+ */
+SEC("socket")
+__flag(BPF_F_TEST_STATE_FREQ)
+__failure __msg("R0 invalid mem access 'map_value_or_null'")
+__naked void helper_parent_stack_read_unsound(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	/* key at fp-4: all bytes STACK_ZERO */
+	"*(u32 *)(r10 - 4) = 0;"
+	"call %[bpf_get_prandom_u32];"
+	/* fall-through (path A) explored first */
+	"if r0 != 0 goto l_clobber%=;"
+	/* path A: key stays constant zero */
+	"goto l_merge%=;"
+"l_clobber%=:"
+	/* path B: key[0] becomes STACK_MISC, key no longer const */
+	"*(u8 *)(r10 - 4) = r0;"
+"l_merge%=:"
+	"r1 = r10;"
+	"r1 += -4;"
+	"call fwd_parent_key_to_helper;"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	:
+	: __imm(bpf_get_prandom_u32)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Subprog forwards parent stack pointer to bpf_map_lookup_elem as key
+ * on an array map, then dereferences the result without a null check.
+ * R1 = &parent_fp-4 (AT_PARENT in this frame).
+ *
+ * The helper reads key_size(4) bytes from parent stack.  The deref of
+ * R0 reads the map value, NOT parent stack, so record_insn_mem_accesses
+ * does not set parent_use for it.  The ONLY parent stack access is
+ * through the helper's R2 arg.
+ */
+static __used __naked void fwd_parent_key_to_helper(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"goto +0;"				/* checkpoint */
+	"r2 = r1;"				/* R2 = parent ptr (AT_PARENT) */
+	"r1 = %[array_map_8b] ll;"		/* R1 = array map */
+	"call %[bpf_map_lookup_elem];"		/* reads 4 bytes from parent fp-4 */
+	/* deref without null check: safe for PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE,
+	 * unsafe for PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE_OR_NULL
+	 */
+	"r0 = *(u64 *)(r0 + 0);"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	:
+	: __imm(bpf_map_lookup_elem),
+	  __imm_addr(array_map_8b)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Regression for keeping later helper args after a whole-stack fallback
+ * on an earlier local arg.  The first bpf_snprintf() arg is a local
+ * frame-derived pointer with offset-imprecise tracking (`fp1 ?`), which
+ * conservatively marks the whole local stack live.  The fourth arg still
+ * forwards &parent_fp-8 and must contribute nonlocal_use[0]=0:3.
+ */
+SEC("socket")
+__log_level(2)
+__success
+__msg("call bpf_snprintf{{.*}}        ; use: fp1-8..-512 fp0-8")
+__naked void helper_arg_fallback_keeps_scanning(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"r1 = 42;"
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 8) = r1;"
+	"r1 = r10;"
+	"r1 += -8;"
+	"call helper_snprintf_parent_after_local_fallback;"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+static __used __naked void helper_snprintf_parent_after_local_fallback(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"r6 = r1;"				/* save &parent_fp-8 */
+	"call %[bpf_get_prandom_u32];"
+	"r0 &= 8;"
+	"r1 = r10;"
+	"r1 += -16;"
+	"r1 += r0;"				/* local fp, offset-imprecise */
+	"r2 = 8;"
+	"r3 = %[snprintf_u64_fmt] ll;"
+	"r4 = r6;"				/* later arg: parent fp-8 */
+	"r5 = 8;"
+	"call %[bpf_snprintf];"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	:
+	: __imm(bpf_get_prandom_u32),
+	  __imm(bpf_snprintf),
+	  __imm_addr(snprintf_u64_fmt)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Test that propagate_callee_ancestor() correctly chains ancestor
+ * liveness across sequential calls within a single frame.
+ *
+ * main → mid_seq_touch → {nop_callee, deref_ancestor}
+ *
+ * mid_seq_touch receives two pointers: R1 = &main_fp-8 (forwarded to
+ * deref_ancestor) and R2 = &main_fp-16 (read directly by mid_seq_touch).
+ * The direct read of fp-16 forces ensure_anc_arrays() to allocate
+ * ancestor_live[0] for mid_seq_touch, so refined_caller_live_stack()
+ * uses the refined path (not the conservative fallback).
+ *
+ * mid_seq_touch calls nop_callee first (no-op, creates a pruning point),
+ * then calls deref_ancestor which reads main's fp-8 and dereferences it.
+ *
+ * propagate_callee_ancestor() propagates deref_ancestor's entry
+ * ancestor_live[0] into mid_seq_touch's anc_use[0] at the call-to-deref
+ * instruction.  mid_seq_touch's backward pass flows this backward so
+ * ancestor_live[0] includes fp-8 at the pruning point between the calls.
+ *
+ * Without propagation, mid_seq_touch's ancestor_live[0] only has fp-16
+ * (from the direct read) — fp-8 is missing.  refined_caller_live_stack()
+ * Term 1 says fp-8 is dead, the verifier cleans it, and path B
+ * (scalar 42) is incorrectly pruned against path A (MAP_VALUE).
+ *
+ * Path A: main stores PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE at fp-8  → deref succeeds
+ * Path B: main stores scalar 42 at fp-8         → deref must fail
+ *
+ * Correct: reject (path B dereferences scalar)
+ */
+SEC("socket")
+__flag(BPF_F_TEST_STATE_FREQ)
+__failure __msg("R0 invalid mem access 'scalar'")
+__naked void propagate_callee_ancestor_chain(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	/* Map lookup to get PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE */
+	"r1 = %[map] ll;"
+	"*(u32 *)(r10 - 32) = 0;"
+	"r2 = r10;"
+	"r2 += -32;"
+	"call %[bpf_map_lookup_elem];"
+	"if r0 == 0 goto l_exit%=;"
+	"r6 = r0;"
+	/* Branch: path A (fall-through) explored first */
+	"call %[bpf_get_prandom_u32];"
+	"if r0 != 0 goto l_scalar%=;"
+	/* Path A: fp-8 = PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE */
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 8) = r6;"
+	"goto l_merge%=;"
+"l_scalar%=:"
+	/* Path B: fp-8 = scalar 42 */
+	"r1 = 42;"
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 8) = r1;"
+"l_merge%=:"
+	/* fp-16 = dummy value (mid_seq_touch reads it directly) */
+	"r1 = 99;"
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 16) = r1;"
+	/* R1 = &fp-8 (for deref_ancestor), R2 = &fp-16 (for mid_seq_touch) */
+	"r1 = r10;"
+	"r1 += -8;"
+	"r2 = r10;"
+	"r2 += -16;"
+	"call mid_seq_touch;"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+"l_exit%=:"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	:
+	: __imm(bpf_map_lookup_elem),
+	  __imm(bpf_get_prandom_u32),
+	  __imm_addr(map)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+/*
+ * R1 = &main_fp-8 (forwarded to deref_ancestor)
+ * R2 = &main_fp-16 (read directly here → allocates ancestor_live[0])
+ *
+ * Reads main's fp-16 to force ancestor_live[0] allocation, then
+ * calls nop_callee (pruning point), then deref_ancestor.
+ */
+static __used __naked void mid_seq_touch(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"r6 = r1;"			/* save &main_fp-8 in callee-saved */
+	"r0 = *(u64 *)(r2 + 0);"	/* read main's fp-16: triggers anc_use[0] */
+	"call nop_callee;"		/* no-op, creates pruning point after */
+	"r1 = r6;"			/* restore ptr to &main_fp-8 */
+	"call deref_ancestor;"		/* reads main's fp-8, dereferences */
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+static __used __naked void nop_callee(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+/* Reads main's fp-8 through forwarded pointer, dereferences result */
+static __used __naked void deref_ancestor(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"r0 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);"	/* read main's fp-8 */
+	"r0 = *(u64 *)(r0 + 0);"	/* deref: safe for map_ptr, unsafe for scalar */
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Test: callee loads an fp-derived pointer from caller's stack, then
+ * reads through it to access another caller stack slot.
+ *
+ * main stores PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE at fp-24, stores &fp-24 (an fp-derived
+ * pointer) at fp-8, passes &fp-8 through mid_fwd_spilled_ptr to
+ * load_ptr_deref_grandchild.  The leaf loads the pointer from main's
+ * fp-8, then reads main's fp-24 through the loaded pointer.
+ *
+ * fill_from_stack() in arg_track_xfer() only handles local-frame
+ * FP-derived loads (src_is_local_fp check requires frame == depth).
+ * When a callee loads from a parent-frame pointer (frame < depth),
+ * the loaded value gets ARG_NONE instead of being recognized as
+ * fp-derived.  Subsequent reads through that loaded pointer are
+ * invisible to liveness — nonlocal_use is never set for fp-24.
+ *
+ * clean_live_states() cleans the current state at every prune point.
+ * Because liveness misses fp-24, refined_caller_live_stack() tells
+ * __clean_func_state() that fp-24 is dead, which destroys the
+ * PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE spill before the grandchild can read it.
+ * The grandchild then reads STACK_INVALID → scalar, and the deref
+ * is rejected with "R0 invalid mem access 'scalar'" — even though
+ * fp-24 is genuinely live and holds a valid map pointer.
+ *
+ * This is a false positive: a valid program incorrectly rejected.
+ */
+SEC("socket")
+__flag(BPF_F_TEST_STATE_FREQ)
+__success
+__naked void spilled_fp_cross_frame_deref(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	/* Map lookup to get PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE */
+	"r1 = %[map] ll;"
+	"*(u32 *)(r10 - 32) = 0;"
+	"r2 = r10;"
+	"r2 += -32;"
+	"call %[bpf_map_lookup_elem];"
+	"if r0 == 0 goto l_exit%=;"
+	/* fp-24 = PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE */
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 24) = r0;"
+	/* Store pointer to fp-24 at fp-8 */
+	"r1 = r10;"
+	"r1 += -24;"
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 8) = r1;"
+	/* R1 = &fp-8: pointer to the spilled ptr */
+	"r1 = r10;"
+	"r1 += -8;"
+	"call mid_fwd_spilled_ptr;"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+"l_exit%=:"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	:
+	: __imm(bpf_map_lookup_elem),
+	  __imm_addr(map)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+/* Forwards R1 (ptr to main's fp-8, which holds &main_fp-24) to leaf */
+static __used __naked void mid_fwd_spilled_ptr(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"call load_ptr_deref_grandchild;"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+/*
+ * R1 = &main_fp-8 (where main stored ptr to fp-24)
+ * Loads the ptr from main's fp-8, reads main's fp-24 through it,
+ * then dereferences the result.
+ */
+static __used __naked void load_ptr_deref_grandchild(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	/* Load ptr from main's fp-8 → r2 = &main_fp-24 */
+	"r2 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);"
+	/* Read main's fp-24 through loaded ptr */
+	"r0 = *(u64 *)(r2 + 0);"
+	/* Dereference: safe for map_ptr */
+	"r0 = *(u64 *)(r0 + 0);"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Exercise merge_nonlocal_live().
+ *
+ * merge_shared_mid is analyzed twice (once from each wrapper), so the
+ * callsite within merge_shared_mid that calls merge_leaf_read gets its
+ * nonlocal_live info merged twice via merge_nonlocal_live().
+ */
+SEC("socket")
+__log_level(2)
+__success
+__msg("14: (85) call pc+2	r1: fp0-16")
+__msg("17: (79) r0 = *(u64 *)(r1 +0) // r1=fp0-16")
+__msg("14: (85) call pc+2	r1: fp0-8")
+__msg("17: (79) r0 = *(u64 *)(r1 +0) // r1=fp0-8")
+__msg("5: (85) call pc+{{.*}}                   ; use: fp0-8 fp0-16")
+__naked void test_merge_nonlocal_live(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"r1 = 0;"
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 8) = r1;"
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 16) = r1;"
+	"r1 = r10;"
+	"r1 += -8;"
+	"call merge_wrapper_a;"
+	"r1 = r10;"
+	"r1 += -16;"
+	"call merge_wrapper_b;"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+static __used __naked void merge_wrapper_a(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"call merge_shared_mid;"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+static __used __naked void merge_wrapper_b(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"call merge_shared_mid;"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+static __used __naked void merge_shared_mid(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"call merge_leaf_read;"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+static __used __naked void merge_leaf_read(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"r0 = *(u64 *)(r1 + 0);"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+/* Same bpf_loop instruction calls different callbacks depending on branch. */
+SEC("socket")
+__log_level(2)
+__success
+__msg("call bpf_loop#181            ; use: fp2-8..-512 fp1-8..-512 fp0-8..-512")
+__naked void bpf_loop_two_callbacks(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"r1 = 0;"
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 8) = r1;"
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 16) = r1;"
+	"r1 = r10;"
+	"r1 += -8;"
+	"call dyn_wrapper_a;"
+	"r1 = r10;"
+	"r1 += -16;"
+	"call dyn_wrapper_b;"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+static __used __naked void dyn_wrapper_a(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"call mid_dynamic_cb;"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+static __used __naked void dyn_wrapper_b(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"call mid_dynamic_cb;"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+static __used __naked void mid_dynamic_cb(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"r6 = r1;"
+	"call %[bpf_get_prandom_u32];"
+	"if r0 == 0 goto 1f;"
+	"r2 = dyn_cb_a ll;"
+	"goto 2f;"
+	"1:"
+	"r2 = dyn_cb_b ll;"
+	"2:"
+	"r1 = 1;"
+	"r3 = r6;" /* ctx = fp-derived ptr from parent */
+	"r4 = 0;"
+	"call %[bpf_loop];"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	:: __imm(bpf_get_prandom_u32),
+	   __imm(bpf_loop)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+/* Callback A/B: read parent stack through ctx */
+static __used __naked void dyn_cb_a(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"r0 = *(u64 *)(r2 + 0);"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+static __used __naked void dyn_cb_b(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"r0 = *(u64 *)(r2 + 0);"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Path A: r0 = map_lookup result (non-FP, ARG_NONE for stack tracking)
+ * Path B: r0 = fp-8 (FP-derived, frame=0, off=-8)
+ * At the join: r0 is not guaranteed to be a frame pointer.
+ */
+SEC("socket")
+__log_level(2)
+__msg("10: (79) r0 = *(u64 *)(r10 -8) // r0=fp0-8|fp0+0")
+__naked void stack_or_non_stack_write(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	/* initial write to fp-8 */
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 8) = 0;"
+	/* map lookup to get a non-FP pointer */
+	"r2 = r10;"
+	"r2 += -4;"
+	"r1 = %[map] ll;"
+	"call %[bpf_map_lookup_elem];"
+	/* r0 = map_value (ARG_NONE) */
+	"if r0 != 0 goto 1f;"
+	/* path B: r0 = fp-8 */
+	"r0 = r10;"
+	"r0 += -8;"
+"1:"
+	/* join: the write is not a def for fp[0]-8 */
+	"*(u64 *)(r0 + 0) = 7;"
+	/* read fp-8: should be non-poisoned */
+	"r0 = *(u64 *)(r10 - 8);"
+	"exit;"
+	:
+	: __imm(bpf_map_lookup_elem),
+	  __imm_addr(map)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+SEC("socket")
+__log_level(2)
+__flag(BPF_F_TEST_STATE_FREQ)
+__msg("subprog#2 write_first_read_second:")
+__msg("17: (7a) *(u64 *)(r1 +0) = 42{{$}}")
+__msg("18: (79) r0 = *(u64 *)(r2 +0) // r1=fp0-8 r2=fp0-16{{$}}")
+__msg("stack use/def subprog#2 write_first_read_second (d2,cs15):")
+__msg("17: (7a) *(u64 *)(r1 +0) = 42{{$}}")
+__msg("18: (79) r0 = *(u64 *)(r2 +0)         ; use: fp0-8 fp0-16")
+__naked void shared_instance_must_write_overwrite(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"r1 = 1;"
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 8) = r1;"
+	"*(u64 *)(r10 - 16) = r1;"
+	/* Call 1: write_first_read_second(&fp[-8], &fp[-16]) */
+	"r1 = r10;"
+	"r1 += -8;"
+	"r2 = r10;"
+	"r2 += -16;"
+	"call forwarding_rw;"
+	/* Call 2: write_first_read_second(&fp[-16], &fp[-8]) */
+	"r1 = r10;"
+	"r1 += -16;"
+	"r2 = r10;"
+	"r2 += -8;"
+	"call forwarding_rw;"
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+static __used __naked void forwarding_rw(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"call write_first_read_second;"
+	"exit;"
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+static __used __naked void write_first_read_second(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"*(u64 *)(r1 + 0) = 42;"
+	"r0 = *(u64 *)(r2 + 0);"
+	"exit;"
+	::: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+#ifdef CAN_USE_LOAD_ACQ_STORE_REL
+
+SEC("socket")
+__log_level(2)
+__success
+__msg("*(u64 *)(r0 +0) = 42         ; def: fp0-16")
+__naked void load_acquire_dont_clear_dst(void)
+{
+	asm volatile (
+	"r0 = r10;"
+	"r0 += -16;"
+	"*(u64 *)(r0 + 0) = r0;"	/* fp[-16] == &fp[-16] */
+	".8byte %[load_acquire_insn];"	/* load_acquire is a special case for BPF_STX, */
+	"r0 = *(u64 *)(r10 - 16);"	/* it shouldn't clear tracking info for */
+	"*(u64 *)(r0 + 0) = 42;"	/* dst register, r0 in this case. */
+	"r0 = 0;"
+	"exit;"
+	:
+	: __imm_insn(load_acquire_insn,
+		     BPF_ATOMIC_OP(BPF_DW, BPF_LOAD_ACQ, BPF_REG_0, BPF_REG_0, 0))
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
+#endif /* CAN_USE_LOAD_ACQ_STORE_REL */

index 5d6c6d1f46ed..ad1a184d470f 100644
@@ -220,6 +220,7 @@ enum bpf_stack_slot_type {
 	STACK_DYNPTR,
 	STACK_ITER,
 	STACK_IRQ_FLAG,
+	STACK_POISON,
 };
 
 #define BPF_REG_SIZE 8	/* size of eBPF register in bytes */

index f0902ecb7df6..d5779a3426d9 100644
@@ -542,7 +542,8 @@ static char slot_type_char[] = {
 	[STACK_ZERO]	= '0',
 	[STACK_DYNPTR]	= 'd',
 	[STACK_ITER]	= 'i',
-	[STACK_IRQ_FLAG] = 'f'
+	[STACK_IRQ_FLAG] = 'f',
+	[STACK_POISON]	= 'p',
 };
 
 #define UNUM_MAX_DECIMAL U16_MAX

@@ -779,7 +780,7 @@ void print_verifier_state(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, const struct bpf_verifie
 
 		for (j = 0; j < BPF_REG_SIZE; j++) {
 			slot_type = state->stack[i].slot_type[j];
-			if (slot_type != STACK_INVALID)
+			if (slot_type != STACK_INVALID && slot_type != STACK_POISON)
 				valid = true;
 			types_buf[j] = slot_type_char[slot_type];
 		}

165 lines not on this page · raw message

index c6ae64b99cd6..6bc721accbae 100644
@@ -780,6 +780,8 @@ __naked void stack_load_preserves_const_precision_subreg(void)
 		"r1 += r2;"
 		"*(u8 *)(r1 + 0) = r2;" /* this should be fine */
 
+		"r2 = *(u64 *)(r10 -8);" /* keep slots alive */
+		"r2 = *(u64 *)(r10 -16);"
 		"r0 = 0;"
 		"exit;"
 	: