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Use wbinvd() macro instead of raw inline assembly in .c files

PATCH In review Glauber de Oliveira Costa 5 participants 21 messages Jul 19, 2007 – Jul 22, 2007 Agpgart driver

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#0 lore raw

PATCH 1/1 Use wbinvd() macro instead of raw inline assembly in .c files

This patch uses the already-existant wbinvd() macro to replace raw assembly to perform this very same task in some .c files

arch/x86_64/kernel/tce.c +1 -1
index f61fb8e..afbb951 100644
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ static inline void flush_tce(void* tceaddr)
 	if (cpu_has_clflush)
 		asm volatile("clflush (%0)" :: "r" (tceaddr));
 	else
-		asm volatile("wbinvd":::"memory");
+		wbinvd();
 }
 
 void tce_build(struct iommu_table *tbl, unsigned long index,
arch/x86_64/mm/pageattr.c +1 -1
index 9148f4a..0a75790 100644
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ static void flush_kernel_map(void *arg)
 	   much cheaper than WBINVD. Disable clflush for now because
 	   the high level code is not ready yet */
 	if (1 || !cpu_has_clflush)
-		asm volatile("wbinvd" ::: "memory");
+		wbinvd();
 	else list_for_each_entry(pg, l, lru) {
 		void *adr = page_address(pg);
 		if (cpu_has_clflush)
#1 lore raw
Quoted 10 lines · On Friday 20 July 2007 00:55:40 Glauber de Oliveira Costa wrote:

This patch uses the already-existant wbinvd() macro to replace raw assembly to perform this very same task in some .c files

arch/x86_64/kernel/tce.c +0 -0
index f61fb8e..afbb951 100644

arch/x86_64/kernel/tce.c static inline void flush_tce(void* tceaddr) · line 45

Quoted 5 lines
arch/x86_64/kernel/tce.c +1 -1
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ static inline void flush_tce(void* tceaddr)
 	if (cpu_has_clflush)
 		asm volatile("clflush (%0)" :: "r" (tceaddr));
 	else
-		asm volatile("wbinvd":::"memory");
+		wbinvd();

I guess it can be just removed there. I don' think there are any calgary machines without clflush

Quoted 9 lines
arch/x86_64/kernel/tce.c +0 -0
 }
 
 void tce_build(struct iommu_table *tbl, unsigned long index,
arch/x86_64/mm/pageattr.c +0 -0
index 9148f4a..0a75790 100644

arch/x86_64/mm/pageattr.c static void flush_kernel_map(void *arg) · line 83

Quoted 8 lines
arch/x86_64/mm/pageattr.c +1 -1
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ static void flush_kernel_map(void *arg)
 	   much cheaper than WBINVD. Disable clflush for now because
 	   the high level code is not ready yet */
 	if (1 || !cpu_has_clflush)
-		asm volatile("wbinvd" ::: "memory");
+		wbinvd();
 	else list_for_each_entry(pg, l, lru) {
 		void *adr = page_address(pg);
 		if (cpu_has_clflush)

This code has changed recently in the queue. Please resubmit later.

-Andi

Quoted 1 line
#2 lore raw
Quoted 6 lines · Andi Kleen
Quoted 5 lines · On Friday 20 July 2007 00:55:40 Glauber de Oliveira Costa wrote:

This patch uses the already-existant wbinvd() macro to replace raw assembly to perform this very same task in some .c files

Quoted 14 lines

arch/x86_64/kernel/tce.c static inline void flush_tce(void* tceaddr) · line 45

Quoted 10 lines
arch/x86_64/kernel/tce.c +1 -1
index f61fb8e..afbb951 100644
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ static inline void flush_tce(void* tceaddr)
 	if (cpu_has_clflush)
 		asm volatile("clflush (%0)" :: "r" (tceaddr));
 	else
-		asm volatile("wbinvd":::"memory");
+		wbinvd();

I guess it can be just removed there. I don' think there are any calgary machines without clflush

That seems like an unsafe thing to do (unless we err out somewhere); lest there is, say, a microcode update disabling clflush due to an erratum.

It also seems to me we should have a macro for clflush(), especially since it is "clflush (%0)" :: "r" in a number of places, which really isn't correct; it should be "clflush %0" : "+m", both to allow addressing modes to be used and to give gcc a modicum of a hint that something is going on with a specific memory location.

-hpa

#3 lore raw
Quoted 21 lines · H. Peter Anvin
Quoted 6 lines · Andi Kleen
Quoted 5 lines · On Friday 20 July 2007 00:55:40 Glauber de Oliveira Costa wrote:

This patch uses the already-existant wbinvd() macro to replace raw assembly to perform this very same task in some .c files

Quoted 14 lines

arch/x86_64/kernel/tce.c static inline void flush_tce(void* tceaddr) · line 45

Quoted 10 lines
arch/x86_64/kernel/tce.c +1 -1
index f61fb8e..afbb951 100644
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ static inline void flush_tce(void* tceaddr)
 	if (cpu_has_clflush)
 		asm volatile("clflush (%0)" :: "r" (tceaddr));
 	else
-		asm volatile("wbinvd":::"memory");
+		wbinvd();

I guess it can be just removed there. I don' think there are any calgary machines without clflush

Quoted 3 lines

That seems like an unsafe thing to do (unless we err out somewhere); lest there is, say, a microcode update disabling clflush due to an erratum.

I agree.

Cheers,
Muli

#4 lore raw

PATCH 1/1 x86: Create clflush() inline, remove hardcoded wbinvd

In reply to Glauber de Oliveira Costa

Create an inline function for clflush(), with the proper arguments, and use it instead of hard-coding the instruction.

This also removes one instance of hard-coded wbinvd, based on a patch by Bauder de Oliveira Costa.

Cc Andi Kleen <[email protected]>
Cc Glauber de Oliveira Costa <[email protected]>
arch/i386/mm/pageattr.c +2 -2
index 37992ff..cb4ded4 100644
@@ -70,10 +70,10 @@ static struct page *split_large_page(unsigned long address, pgprot_t prot,
 
 static void cache_flush_page(struct page *p)
 { 
-	unsigned long adr = (unsigned long)page_address(p);
+	void *adr = page_address(p);
 	int i;
 	for (i = 0; i < PAGE_SIZE; i += boot_cpu_data.x86_clflush_size)
-		asm volatile("clflush (%0)" :: "r" (adr + i));
+		clflush(adr+i);
 }
 
 static void flush_kernel_map(void *arg)
arch/x86_64/kernel/tce.c +2 -2
index f61fb8e..c01b535 100644
@@ -40,9 +40,9 @@ static inline void flush_tce(void* tceaddr)
 {
 	/* a single tce can't cross a cache line */
 	if (cpu_has_clflush)
-		asm volatile("clflush (%0)" :: "r" (tceaddr));
+		clflush(tceaddr);
 	else
-		asm volatile("wbinvd":::"memory");
+		wbinvd();
 }
 
 void tce_build(struct iommu_table *tbl, unsigned long index,
arch/x86_64/mm/pageattr.c +1 -1
index 9148f4a..863e929 100644
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ static void cache_flush_page(void *adr)
 {
 	int i;
 	for (i = 0; i < PAGE_SIZE; i += boot_cpu_data.x86_clflush_size)
-		asm volatile("clflush (%0)" :: "r" (adr + i));
+		clflush(adr+i);
 }
 
 static void flush_kernel_map(void *arg)
drivers/char/agp/efficeon-agp.c +6 -5
index df8da72..41f46df 100644
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ static int efficeon_create_gatt_table(struct agp_bridge_data *bridge)
 		SetPageReserved(virt_to_page((char *)page));
 
 		for (offset = 0; offset < PAGE_SIZE; offset += clflush_chunk)
-			asm volatile("clflush %0" : : "m" (*(char *)(page+offset)));
+			clflush((char *)page+offset);
 
 		efficeon_private.l1_table[index] = page;
 
@@ -268,15 +268,16 @@ static int efficeon_insert_memory(struct agp_memory * mem, off_t pg_start, int t
 		*page = insert;
 
 		/* clflush is slow, so don't clflush until we have to */
-		if ( last_page &&
-		     ((unsigned long)page^(unsigned long)last_page) & clflush_mask )
-		    asm volatile("clflush %0" : : "m" (*last_page));
+		if (last_page &&
+		    (((unsigned long)page^(unsigned long)last_page) &
+		     clflush_mask))
+			clflush(last_page);
 
 		last_page = page;
 	}
 
 	if ( last_page )
-		asm volatile("clflush %0" : : "m" (*last_page));
+		clflush(last_page);
 
 	agp_bridge->driver->tlb_flush(mem);
 	return 0;
include/asm-i386/system.h +4 -0
index 609756c..d05476d 100644
@@ -160,6 +160,10 @@ static inline void native_wbinvd(void)
 	asm volatile("wbinvd": : :"memory");
 }
 
+static inline void clflush(volatile void *__p)
+{
+	asm volatile("clflush %0" : "+m" (*(char __force *)__p));
+}
 
 #ifdef CONFIG_PARAVIRT
 #include <asm/paravirt.h>
include/asm-x86_64/system.h +5 -0
index e4f246d..8634067 100644
@@ -113,6 +113,11 @@ static inline void write_cr4(unsigned long val)
 
 #endif	/* __KERNEL__ */
 
+static inline void clflush(volatile void *__p)
+{
+	asm volatile("clflush %0" : "+m" (*(char __force *)__p));
+}
+
 #define nop() __asm__ __volatile__ ("nop")
 
 #ifdef CONFIG_SMP
#5 lore raw

Re: [PATCH] x86: Create clflush() inline, remove hardcoded wbinvd

Quoted 5 lines · H. Peter Anvin

Create an inline function for clflush(), with the proper arguments, and use it instead of hard-coding the instruction.

This also removes one instance of hard-coded wbinvd, based on a patch by Bauder de Oliveira Costa.

I don't see much sense in it. CLFLUSH is not priviledged, paravirt doesn't need to change and this adds just an unnecessary layer of abstraction.

-Andi

#6 lore raw

Re: [PATCH] x86: Create clflush() inline, remove hardcoded wbinvd

Quoted 9 lines · Andi Kleen
Quoted 5 lines · H. Peter Anvin

Create an inline function for clflush(), with the proper arguments, and use it instead of hard-coding the instruction.

This also removes one instance of hard-coded wbinvd, based on a patch by Bauder de Oliveira Costa.

I don't see much sense in it. CLFLUSH is not priviledged, paravirt doesn't need to change and this adds just an unnecessary layer of abstraction.

The main reason is that everyone seems to invoke it either incorrectly or suboptimally.

-hpa

#7 lore raw

Re: [PATCH] x86: Create clflush() inline, remove hardcoded wbinvd

Quoted 5 lines · H. Peter Anvin
Quoted 4 lines · Andi Kleen
Quoted 3 lines · H. Peter Anvin

Create an inline function for clflush(), with the proper arguments, and use it instead of hard-coding the instruction.

Quoted 7 lines
Quoted 5 lines
Quoted 2 lines

This also removes one instance of hard-coded wbinvd, based on a patch by Bauder de Oliveira Costa.

I don't see much sense in it. CLFLUSH is not priviledged, paravirt doesn't need to change and this adds just an unnecessary layer of abstraction.

The main reason is that everyone seems to invoke it either incorrectly

Where is it incorrect?

-Andi

#8 lore raw

Re: [PATCH] x86: Create clflush() inline, remove hardcoded wbinvd

Quoted 2 lines · Andi Kleen
Quoted 1 line

The main reason is that everyone seems to invoke it either incorrectly

Where is it incorrect?

Using "r" or "m" (as opposed as "+m") gives gcc the wrong dependency information, and it could, at least in theory, cause memory references to be moved around it -- especially when using "r".

-hpa

#9 lore raw

Re: [PATCH] x86: Create clflush() inline, remove hardcoded wbinvd

Quoted 7 lines · H. Peter Anvin
Quoted 2 lines · Andi Kleen
Quoted 1 line

The main reason is that everyone seems to invoke it either incorrectly

Where is it incorrect?

Using "r" or "m" (as opposed as "+m") gives gcc the wrong dependency information, and it could, at least in theory, cause memory references to be moved around it -- especially when using "r".

That doesn't sound correct. Taking the address should be like an escaping pointer and equivalent to read/write and effectively disable optimizations on this memory.

-Andi

#10 lore raw

Re: [PATCH] x86: Create clflush() inline, remove hardcoded wbinvd

Quoted 11 lines · Andi Kleen
Quoted 6 lines · H. Peter Anvin
Quoted 2 lines · Andi Kleen
Quoted 1 line

The main reason is that everyone seems to invoke it either incorrectly

Where is it incorrect?

Using "r" or "m" (as opposed as "+m") gives gcc the wrong dependency information, and it could, at least in theory, cause memory references to be moved around it -- especially when using "r".

That doesn't sound correct. Taking the address should be like an escaping pointer and equivalent to read/write and effectively disable optimizations on this memory.

It might be in the existing gcc for all I know, but there is no explicit guarantee to that effect. Remember that inline assembly is really nothing but the guts of gcc exposed to the programmer, and that the gcc people are very blunt about not wanting to muck with the former to suit the latter. This means that there are a lot of things that may accidentally work in one version of gcc which breaks in another.

There are two documented ways to tell gcc that you're mucking with memory, and those are "m" constraints ("m" read, "=m" write, "+m" read/write) and "memory" clobbers; the latter which affects all memory.

-hpa

#11 lore raw

Re: [PATCH] x86: Create clflush() inline, remove hardcoded wbinvd

In reply to H. Peter Anvin
Quoted 5 lines · H. Peter Anvin

Create an inline function for clflush(), with the proper arguments, and use it instead of hard-coding the instruction.

This also removes one instance of hard-coded wbinvd, based on a patch by Bauder de Oliveira Costa.

Hey, Who's that guy that got a name so close to mine? ;-)

Quoted 4 lines
Cc Andi Kleen <[email protected]>
Cc Glauber de Oliveira Costa <[email protected]>
#12 lore raw

Re: [PATCH] x86: Create clflush() inline, remove hardcoded wbinvd

Quoted 7 lines · Glauber de Oliveira Costa
Quoted 5 lines · H. Peter Anvin

Create an inline function for clflush(), with the proper arguments, and use it instead of hard-coding the instruction.

This also removes one instance of hard-coded wbinvd, based on a patch by Bauder de Oliveira Costa.

Hey, Who's that guy that got a name so close to mine? ;-)

That would be Mr. Typo!

Quoted 2 lines
Quoted 2 lines
Cc Andi Kleen <[email protected]>
Cc Glauber de Oliveira Costa <[email protected]>

I got it right here at least :-/

-hpa

#13 lore raw

Re: [PATCH] x86: Create clflush() inline, remove hardcoded wbinvd

In reply to H. Peter Anvin
Quoted 9 lines · H. Peter Anvin

Create an inline function for clflush(), with the proper arguments, and use it instead of hard-coding the instruction.

This also removes one instance of hard-coded wbinvd, based on a patch by Bauder de Oliveira Costa.

Cc Andi Kleen <[email protected]>
Cc Glauber de Oliveira Costa <[email protected]>

Mostly looks good, but see below.

drivers/char/agp/efficeon-agp.c static int efficeon_create_gatt_table(struct agp_bridge_data *bridge) · line 224

Quoted 10 lines
drivers/char/agp/efficeon-agp.c +1 -1
index df8da72..41f46df 100644
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ static int efficeon_create_gatt_table(struct agp_bridge_data *bridge)
 		SetPageReserved(virt_to_page((char *)page));
 
 		for (offset = 0; offset < PAGE_SIZE; offset += clflush_chunk)
-			asm volatile("clflush %0" : : "m" (*(char *)(page+offset)));
+			clflush((char *)page+offset);

The original code flushes (*(page+offset)) whereas the new code flushes (pagee+offset). Assuming this is a bug-fix, it should go as a separate patch.

drivers/char/agp/efficeon-agp.c static int efficeon_insert_memory(struct agp_memory * mem, off_t pg_start, int t · line 274

Quoted 11 lines
drivers/char/agp/efficeon-agp.c +4 -3
@@ -268,15 +268,16 @@ static int efficeon_insert_memory(struct agp_memory * mem, off_t pg_start, int t
 		*page = insert;
 
 		/* clflush is slow, so don't clflush until we have to */
-		if ( last_page &&
-		     ((unsigned long)page^(unsigned long)last_page) & clflush_mask )
-		    asm volatile("clflush %0" : : "m" (*last_page));
+		if (last_page &&
+		    (((unsigned long)page^(unsigned long)last_page) &
+		     clflush_mask))
+			clflush(last_page);

Same thing.

drivers/char/agp/efficeon-agp.c static int efficeon_insert_memory(struct agp_memory * mem, off_t pg_start, int t · line 280

Quoted 6 lines
drivers/char/agp/efficeon-agp.c +1 -1
 		last_page = page;
 	}
 
 	if ( last_page )
-		asm volatile("clflush %0" : : "m" (*last_page));
+		clflush(last_page);

Here too.

Cheers,
Muli

#14 lore raw

Re: [PATCH] x86: Create clflush() inline, remove hardcoded wbinvd

Quoted 10 lines · Muli Ben-Yehuda

Mostly looks good, but see below.

Quoted 7 lines
drivers/char/agp/efficeon-agp.c +0 -0
index df8da72..41f46df 100644
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ static int efficeon_create_gatt_table(struct agp_bridge_data *bridge)
 		SetPageReserved(virt_to_page((char *)page));
 
Quoted 8 lines

drivers/char/agp/efficeon-agp.c static int efficeon_create_gatt_table(struct agp_bridge_data *bridge) · line 224

Quoted 3 lines
drivers/char/agp/efficeon-agp.c +1 -1
 		for (offset = 0; offset < PAGE_SIZE; offset += clflush_chunk)
-			asm volatile("clflush %0" : : "m" (*(char *)(page+offset)));
+			clflush((char *)page+offset);

The original code flushes (*(page+offset)) whereas the new code flushes (pagee+offset). Assuming this is a bug-fix, it should go as a separate patch.

No, it doesn't. There is a * in the inline, as there should be.

-hpa

#15 lore raw

Re: [PATCH] x86: Create clflush() inline, remove hardcoded wbinvd

Quoted 19 lines · H. Peter Anvin
Quoted 10 lines · Muli Ben-Yehuda

Mostly looks good, but see below.

Quoted 7 lines
drivers/char/agp/efficeon-agp.c +0 -0
index df8da72..41f46df 100644
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ static int efficeon_create_gatt_table(struct agp_bridge_data *bridge)
 		SetPageReserved(virt_to_page((char *)page));
 
Quoted 7 lines

drivers/char/agp/efficeon-agp.c static int efficeon_create_gatt_table(struct agp_bridge_data *bridge) · line 224

Quoted 3 lines
drivers/char/agp/efficeon-agp.c +1 -1
 		for (offset = 0; offset < PAGE_SIZE; offset += clflush_chunk)
-			asm volatile("clflush %0" : : "m" (*(char *)(page+offset)));
+			clflush((char *)page+offset);

The original code flushes (*(page+offset)) whereas the new code flushes (pagee+offset). Assuming this is a bug-fix, it should go as a separate patch.

Quoted 1 line

No, it doesn't. There is a * in the inline, as there should be.

I guess I don't follow. Compare:

arch/i386/mm/pageattr.c +0 -0
index 37992ff..cb4ded4 100644
@@ -70,10 +70,10 @@ static struct page *split_large_page(unsigned long

address, pgprot_t prot,

static void cache_flush_page(struct page *p)
{
- unsigned long adr = (unsigned long)page_address(p);

+       void *adr = page_address(p);
        int i;
        for (i = 0; i < PAGE_SIZE; i +=
        boot_cpu_data.x86_clflush_size)

- asm volatile("clflush (%0)" :: "r" (adr + i));
+ clflush(adr+i);
}

Original code: clflush (adr + i).
New code: clflush (adr + i)

drivers/char/agp/efficeon-agp.c +1 -1
index df8da72..41f46df 100644
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ static int efficeon_create_gatt_table(struct agp_bridge_data *bridge)
 		SetPageReserved(virt_to_page((char *)page));
 
 		for (offset = 0; offset < PAGE_SIZE; offset += clflush_chunk)
-			asm volatile("clflush %0" : : "m" (*(char *)(page+offset)));
+			clflush((char *)page+offset);
 

Original code: clflush *(page + offset)

                       ^

New code: clflush (page + offset)

So it looks like we have a purely syntactic patch that does something different than the original code in one of the above places. What am I missing?

Cheers,
Muli

#16 lore raw

Re: [PATCH] x86: Create clflush() inline, remove hardcoded wbinvd

Quoted 5 lines · Muli Ben-Yehuda

So it looks like we have a purely syntactic patch that does something different than the original code in one of the above places. What am I missing?

+static inline void clflush(volatile void *__p)
+{

+	asm volatile("clflush %0" : "+m" (*(char __force *)__p));
                                          ^

+}

#17 lore raw

Re: [PATCH] x86: Create clflush() inline, remove hardcoded wbinvd

Review

Quoted 12 lines · H. Peter Anvin
Quoted 5 lines · Muli Ben-Yehuda

So it looks like we have a purely syntactic patch that does something different than the original code in one of the above places. What am I missing?

(quoted diff) +4 -0
+static inline void clflush(volatile void *__p)
+{
+	asm volatile("clflush %0" : "+m" (*(char __force *)__p));
                                          ^
+}

Ok, let's try again:

You're changing this (pageattr.c)

                asm volatile("clflush (%0)" :: "r" (adr + i));

into this:

		asm volatile("clflush %0" : "+m" (*(char __force*)(adr + i)));

The original one calls clflush with (adr + i), the new one with (*(adr
+ i)). Are these calls equivalent? if not, and I don't think they are, you are changing the semantics of the code (presumably, because it fixes a bug), and *that should be a separate patch*.

Cheers,
Muli

#18 lore raw

Re: [PATCH] x86: Create clflush() inline, remove hardcoded wbinvd

Quoted 5 lines · Muli Ben-Yehuda

Ok, let's try again:

You're changing this (pageattr.c)

Quoted 8 lines
                asm volatile("clflush (%0)" :: "r" (adr + i));

into this:

		asm volatile("clflush %0" : "+m" (*(char __force*)(adr + i)));

The original one calls clflush with (adr + i), the new one with (*(adr
+ i)). Are these calls equivalent?

Yes, they are. The parentheses which are part of the old assembly string has the same effect as the asterisk operator in C.

The difference between the two is that the latter form allows the C compiler to select the addressing mode, which allows the full range of addressing modes, whereas the former forces it to use a single register indirect.

-hpa

#19 lore raw

Re: [PATCH] x86: Create clflush() inline, remove hardcoded wbinvd

Quoted 14 lines · H. Peter Anvin
Quoted 4 lines · Muli Ben-Yehuda

Ok, let's try again:

You're changing this (pageattr.c)

Quoted 8 lines
                asm volatile("clflush (%0)" :: "r" (adr + i));

into this:

		asm volatile("clflush %0" : "+m" (*(char __force*)(adr + i)));

The original one calls clflush with (adr + i), the new one with (*(adr
+ i)). Are these calls equivalent?

Quoted 8 lines

Yes, they are. The parentheses which are part of the old assembly string has the same effect as the asterisk operator in C.

The difference between the two is that the latter form allows the C compiler to select the addressing mode, which allows the full range of addressing modes, whereas the former forces it to use a single register indirect.

Just to be absolutely obvious about it:

: tazenda 15 ; cat demo.c
#define __force

static inline void clflush1(volatile void *__p)

{
        asm volatile("clflush %0" : "+m" (*(char __force *)__p));
}

static inline void clflush2(volatile void *__p)

{
        asm volatile("clflush (%0)" :: "r" (__p));
}

void demo(void *q)

{
        clflush1(q);
        clflush2(q);
}
: tazenda 16 ; gcc -m32 -O3 -S demo.c
: tazenda 17 ; cat demo.s
        .file   "demo.c"
        .text
        .p2align 4,,15
.globl demo
        .type   demo, @function
demo:
        pushl   %ebp
        movl    %esp, %ebp
        movl    8(%ebp), %eax

#APP
clflush (%eax)
clflush (%eax)
#NO_APP
popl %ebp
ret
.size demo, .-demo
.ident "GCC: (GNU) 4.1.2 20070626 (Red Hat 4.1.2-13)"
.section .note.GNU-stack,"",@progbits

#20 lore raw

Re: [PATCH] x86: Create clflush() inline, remove hardcoded wbinvd

In reply to H. Peter Anvin
Quoted 10 lines · H. Peter Anvin
Quoted 9 lines · Muli Ben-Yehuda

Ok, let's try again:

You're changing this (pageattr.c)

                asm volatile("clflush (%0)" :: "r" (adr + i));

into this:

Quoted 7 lines
Quoted 4 lines
		asm volatile("clflush %0" : "+m" (*(char __force*)(adr + i)));

The original one calls clflush with (adr + i), the new one with (*(adr
+ i)). Are these calls equivalent?

Yes, they are. The parentheses which are part of the old assembly string has the same effect as the asterisk operator in C.

Ah, I see. Thanks for the explanation!

Cheers,
Muli