Optimize ext4 DAX overwrites

In case of dax writes, currently we start a journal txn irrespective of whether it's an overwrite or not. In case of an overwrite we don't need to start a jbd2 txn since the blocks are already allocated.
So this patch optimizes away the txn start in case of DAX overwrites. This could significantly boost performance for multi-threaded random write (overwrite). Fio script used to collect perf numbers is mentioned below.

Below numbers were calculated on a QEMU setup on ppc64 box with simulated pmem device.

Performance numbers with different threads - (~10x improvement)
==========================================

vanilla_kernel(kIOPS)
60 +-+---------------+-------+--------+--------+--------+-------+------+-+

     |                 +       +        +        +**      +       +        |   
  55 +-+                                          **                     +-+   
     |                                   **       **                       |   
     |                                   **       **                       |   
  50 +-+                                 **       **                     +-+   
     |                                   **       **                       |   
  45 +-+                                 **       **                     +-+   
     |                                   **       **                       |   
     |                                   **       **                       |   
  40 +-+                                 **       **                     +-+   
     |                                   **       **                       |   
  35 +-+                        **       **       **                     +-+   
     |                          **       **       **               **      |   
     |                          **       **       **      **       **      |   
  30 +-+               **       **       **       **      **       **    +-+   
     |                 **      +**      +**      +**      **      +**      |   
  25 +-+---------------**------+**------+**------+**------**------+**----+-+   
                       1       2        4        8       12      16            
                                     Threads                                   
patched_kernel(kIOPS)
  600 +-+--------------+--------+--------+-------+--------+-------+------+-+   
      |                +        +        +       +        +       +**      |   
      |                                                            **      |   
  500 +-+                                                          **    +-+   
      |                                                            **      |   
      |                                                    **      **      |   
  400 +-+                                                  **      **    +-+   
      |                                                    **      **      |   
  300 +-+                                         **       **      **    +-+   
      |                                           **       **      **      |   
      |                                           **       **      **      |   
  200 +-+                                         **       **      **    +-+   
      |                                  **       **       **      **      |   
      |                                  **       **       **      **      |   
  100 +-+                        **      **       **       **      **    +-+   
      |                          **      **       **       **      **      |   
      |                +**      +**      **      +**      +**     +**      |   
    0 +-+--------------+**------+**------**------+**------+**-----+**----+-+   
                       1        2        4       8       12      16            
                                     Threads                                   

fio script
==========
[global]
rw=randwrite
norandommap=1
invalidate=0
bs=4k
numjobs=16 --> changed this for different thread options
time_based=1
ramp_time=30
runtime=60
group_reporting=1
ioengine=psync
direct=1
size=16G filename=file1.0.0:file1.0.1:file1.0.2:file1.0.3:file1.0.4:file1.0.5:file1.0.6:file1.0.7:file1.0.8:file1.0.9:file1.0.10:file1.0.11:file1.0.12:file1.0.13:file1.0.14:file1.0.15:file1.0.16:file1.0.17:file1.0.18:file1.0.19:file1.0.20:file1.0.21:file1.0.22:file1.0.23:file1.0.24:file1.0.25:file1.0.26:file1.0.27:file1.0.28:file1.0.29:file1.0.30:file1.0.31 file_service_type=random
nrfiles=32
directory=/mnt/

[name]
directory=/mnt/
direct=1

NOTE:
======
1. Looking at ~10x perf delta, I probed a bit deeper to understand what's causing this scalability problem. It seems when we are starting a jbd2 txn then slab alloc code is observing some serious contention around spinlock.

Even though the spinlock contention could be related to some other issue (looking into it internally). But I could still see the perf improvement of close to ~2x on QEMU setup on x86 with simulated pmem device with the patched_kernel v/s vanilla_kernel with same fio workload.

perf report from vanilla_kernel (this is not seen with patched kernel) (ppc64)
=======================================================================

47.86% fio [kernel.vmlinux] [k] do_raw_spin_lock

             |
             ---do_raw_spin_lock
                |
                |--19.43%--_raw_spin_lock
                |          |
                |           --19.31%--0
                |                     |
                |                     |--9.77%--deactivate_slab.isra.61
                |                     |          ___slab_alloc
                |                     |          __slab_alloc
                |                     |          kmem_cache_alloc
                |                     |          jbd2__journal_start
                |                     |          __ext4_journal_start_sb

<...>

2. Kept this as RFC, since maybe using the ext4_iomap_overwrite_ops, will be better here. We could check for overwrite in ext4_dax_write_iter(), like how we do for DIO writes. Thoughts?

3. This problem was reported by Dan Williams at [1]

Links
======
[1]: https://lore.kernel.org/linux-ext4/[email protected]/T/

Ritesh Harjani (1):
ext4: Optimize ext4 DAX overwrites

 fs/ext4/ext4.h  | 1 +
 fs/ext4/file.c  | 2 +-
 fs/ext4/inode.c | 8 +++++++-
 3 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

2.25.4

Currently in case of DAX, we are starting a transaction everytime for IOMAP_WRITE case. This can be optimized away in case of an overwrite (where the blocks were already allocated). This could give a significant performance boost for multi-threaded random writes.

---
 fs/ext4/ext4.h  | 1 +
 fs/ext4/file.c  | 2 +-
 fs/ext4/inode.c | 8 +++++++-
 3 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

index 42f5060f3cdf..9a2138afc751 100644
@@ -3232,6 +3232,7 @@ extern const struct dentry_operations ext4_dentry_ops;
 extern const struct inode_operations ext4_file_inode_operations;
 extern const struct file_operations ext4_file_operations;
 extern loff_t ext4_llseek(struct file *file, loff_t offset, int origin);
+extern bool ext4_overwrite_io(struct inode *inode, loff_t pos, loff_t len);
 
 /* inline.c */
 extern int ext4_get_max_inline_size(struct inode *inode);

index 2a01e31a032c..51cd92ac1758 100644
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ ext4_extending_io(struct inode *inode, loff_t offset, size_t len)
 }
 
 /* Is IO overwriting allocated and initialized blocks? */
-static bool ext4_overwrite_io(struct inode *inode, loff_t pos, loff_t len)
+bool ext4_overwrite_io(struct inode *inode, loff_t pos, loff_t len)
 {
 	struct ext4_map_blocks map;
 	unsigned int blkbits = inode->i_blkbits;

index 10dd470876b3..f0ac0ee9e991 100644
@@ -3423,6 +3423,7 @@ static int ext4_iomap_begin(struct inode *inode, loff_t offset, loff_t length,
 	int ret;
 	struct ext4_map_blocks map;
 	u8 blkbits = inode->i_blkbits;
+	bool overwrite = false;
 
 	if ((offset >> blkbits) > EXT4_MAX_LOGICAL_BLOCK)
 		return -EINVAL;

@@ -3430,6 +3431,9 @@ static int ext4_iomap_begin(struct inode *inode, loff_t offset, loff_t length,
 	if (WARN_ON_ONCE(ext4_has_inline_data(inode)))
 		return -ERANGE;
 
+	if (IS_DAX(inode) && (flags & IOMAP_WRITE) &&
+	    ext4_overwrite_io(inode, offset, length))
+		overwrite = true;
 	/*
 	 * Calculate the first and last logical blocks respectively.
 	 */

@@ -3437,13 +3441,15 @@ static int ext4_iomap_begin(struct inode *inode, loff_t offset, loff_t length,
 	map.m_len = min_t(loff_t, (offset + length - 1) >> blkbits,
 			  EXT4_MAX_LOGICAL_BLOCK) - map.m_lblk + 1;
 
-	if (flags & IOMAP_WRITE)
+	if ((flags & IOMAP_WRITE) && !overwrite)
 		ret = ext4_iomap_alloc(inode, &map, flags);
 	else
 		ret = ext4_map_blocks(NULL, inode, &map, 0);
 
 	if (ret < 0)
 		return ret;
+	if (IS_DAX(inode) && overwrite)
+		WARN_ON(!(map.m_flags & EXT4_MAP_MAPPED));
 
 	ext4_set_iomap(inode, iomap, &map, offset, length);
 

2.25.4

Thanks for returning to this and I'm glad to see how much this helped :) BTW, I'd suspect there could be also significant contention and cache line bouncing on j_state_lock and transaction's atomic counters...

Jan Kara <[email protected]>
SUSE Labs, CR

ok, will try and profile to see if this happens.

Yes, agreed. Looking at the numbers I was excited to post out the RFC for discussion. Will make above changes and post. :)

With DIO, we need to detect overwrite case early in ext4_dio_write_iter() to determine whether we need shared or excl. locks - so probably for DIO case we still need overwrite check in ext4_dio_write_iter()

Thanks for review!!
-ritesh